Peripatetics, flourish in xvii cent. iii. 436;
meet with formidable adversaries in
Des Cartes and Gassendi, iv. 17.
Perkins, William, his treatises on morality
and character, iii. 312 and o.
Perrault, account of his book on the mo-
rality of the Jesuits, iii. 515, sub. not. w.
Perieres, Bonaventure des, a supposed in-
fidel in xvi cent. iii. 119.

Persia, three persecutions there by Sapor
II. against the Christians, i. 265.
Peter, Bishop of Ravenna, whence called
Chrysologus, i. 356 and t.

Fullo, Fuller, rejects an opinion of
Eutyches, which he modifies, and ex-
cites troubles in the church i. 387;
founder of the sect called Theopas-
chites, ibid. and 1.

his superstitious zeal for a war to the
Holy Land, ii. 122; forged letters from
Heaven, to animate Christians in the
cause, 123; assembles a council at Pla-
centia, and recommends the expedition
against the Saracens of Palestine, ibid.
leads a principal division of the army,
and is defeated, 124, 125.

's Pence, what, and why so called. ii.
162 e.

of Celle, attacks the Scholastics in
xii cent. ii. 294.

the Chanter, opposes the Schoolmen,
ii. 294 and o.
Peter de Vineis, an account of the book
said to be written by him, ii. 335.

I. Emperor of Russia, introduces a
change into the Russian church, iii.
558; a patron of the Arts and Sciences,
ibid. abolishes the penal laws against
religious differences, and declares him-
self supreme head of the church, 559;
establishes a synod at Petersburg, ibid.
Petersen, John William, his inventions and
reveries in xvii cent. iv. 50; strange doc-
trine, and success, 51 and s.
Petit, his doctrine concerning the lawful-

ness of putting a tyránt to death, ii. 530;
and condemned as a detestable heresy
in the council of Constance, and by the
university of Paris, 531.

Petrarch, zealous in reviving the study of

the learned languages in xiv cent. ii. 449.
Petrobrussians, a sect in xii cent. ii. 311;
doctrine held by them, ibid. and w.
Petrucci, Cardinal, a disciple of Molinos,
iii. 544.

Petrus, Comestor, his abridgment of the
Scriptures, ii. 283.
Peucer, attempts to reform Lutheranism,

substituting Calvinism in its place, iii.
251; his character, and sufferings, 250
r; writings to promote his design, 251
#; convocations by Augustus at Dres-
den, ibid. and at Torgaw, with the issue,
252 and r; imprisoned, but is after-
ward released, 253.

Peyrere, Isaac la, his strange doctrine, iii.
546; is cast into prison, renounces his
errors publicly, and turns Papist, 547.
Pezelius, his catechism favourable to the
sentiments of Calvin, iii. 252.

Pfaff, Matthew, zealous in projecting a
union between the Lutherans and Re-
formed in xvii cent. and good charac-
ter, iv. 205 and t; opposed by the Lu-
therans, ibid.

Pharisees, their tenets, i. 46; moral doc-
trines, 49; bad influence, ibid.
Philadelphia, whence so called, iv. 151.
Philadelphian society, founded in xvii
cent. and by whom, iv. 181; opinions,
and chief members, ibid.

Philip, father and son, Emperors, favour
Christianity, i. 192; whether Christians
themselves, 193 and d.

the Solitary, an eminent moral
writer in xvii cent. 297.

the Fair, king of France, his con-
test with Boniface VIII. ii. 453; vigo-
rously opposes papal power, ibid. charges
the Pope with enormous vices, 454;
sends William de Nogaret to seize
the Pope's person, ibid. insists on
the formal condemnation of Boniface,
and procures the removal of the papal
residence from Rome to Avignon, 455.

of Hesse, unjustly detained prison-
er by the Emperor Charles V. iii. 85;
the perfidious behaviour of the latter on
this account, with the doubt concerning
it, ibid. and y.

Philip, Theodore, the chief of those who
excited commotions in xvi cent. con-
cerning excommunication, iii. 335.
Philippicus, Bardanes, Emperor of the
Greeks, espouses the cause of the Ma-
nothelites, i. 516; orders a picture, re-
presenting the council that condemned
this sect, to be removed out of the
church of St. Sophia, ibid. commands
that no images of this nature be placed
in the Latin churches, ibid. his edict
rejected by Constantine the Roman
pontiff, who excommunicates the Em-
peror, ibid. is deprived of the empire,
ibid.

Philology, its flourishing state in xvi cent.
iii. 120; its great importance, 121 and
m: cultivated among the Lutherans in
xvii cent. iv. 26.
Philosophers, obscure the truth, i. 40; Ori-
ental, their first principles, 78; divided
in sentiments, 79; opinions concerning
the Deity, ibid. origin of the world, 80;
the state and destination of human
souls, 81; some converted to Chris-
tianity, and their conversion if advan-
tageous, considered, 129; their efforts
in iv cent. against Christianity, 260;
prejudices thereby received, ibid. who
these are, 261; two great sects of them

civil power, ibid. their opinions oppo-
sed in councils assembled by the
Franks and Germans for terminating
disputes relating to image worship, ibid.
the Emperor's approbation necessary
to their consecration, ii. 19, 99; their
power augmented by the divisions of
the empire in ix cent. 22; divest the
Emperors of ecclesiastical authority,
23; diminish the power of councils
and the Bishops, ibid. and y; frauds
and forgeries to support their claims,
24, 25 and z, a, c; the cause of the
vices among the clergy in x cent. 93;
their supreme Legislative authority,
opposed by the German, French, and
Italian Bishops, does yet gain ground by
the adulatory services of some minions
among the Bishops, 99; the right of
canonization, though usurped by John
XV. is not solely vested in them till xii
cent. 109; their motives for encour-
aging the first crusade, 127 and y; as-
sume the name of Popes, or Universal
Fathers, in xi cent. when their anthor-
ity was at the highest, 145; confirmed
in their See by the approbation of the
Emperors, 147; the right of electing
them vested in the college of Car-
dinals, excluding the consent of the
clergy and people, 156; the imperial
privilege in electing them violated,
157; accessions to their power by the
zeal of Pope Gregory VII. 160; called
Paterini, and whence, 167 and r; the
Romish ritual imposed by them on all
the Latin Churches, and the custom of
performing divine service in Latin
among all the Western churches, had
their rise in xi cent. 217, 218; violent
dissensions between them and the Em-
perors concerning the extent of power,
and unhappy consequences, in xii cent.
ii. 267; deprive the Bishops of the
right of canonization, 271; and of the
power to grant indulgences, 287; pro-
mote crusades in xiii cent. and why,
324; methods taken at this time to ac-
quire universal dominion, 347; their
arrogant claims opposed by civil and
ecclesiastical powers, 349; great ac-
cessions of power due to Innocent III.
and Nicholas IV. 350, 351, the advan-
tage they derived from the orders of
Mendicants, and their returns for these
favours, 373, 374 and x, y, z, a; their
authority diminished under the Gallic
pontiffs, 456; their powers declared to
be inferior to that of general councils,
at the councils of Constance and Basil,
521, 534; deprived of their Expectan-
ces, Reservations, and Provisions, at the
latter council, ibid. their zeal for propa-
gating Christianity in xvi cent. exa-
mined, iii. 116; manner of their elec-
tions, 126; what distinction must be
made betwixt their authority and the

court of Rome, 129 and e; debates
concerning their power, ibid. find zeal-
ous advocates for their authority in the
Jesuits, 140; their infallibility and un-
limited supremacy not universally ac-
knowledged by the church of Rome,
167.

Pordage, a member of the Philadelphian
society, an account of, iv. 181.
Porphyry, opposes the Platonic philoso-
phy to the doctrine of the Gospel, i.
200; a more virulent than formidable
enemy of Christianity, 201; his work
against the Christians burned by order
of Constantine the Great, ibid. and c;
the answers to this work lost, ibid. sub.
fin. not. c; a professed admirer of Plo-
tinus, 205 and k.

Porre, Gilbert de la, charged with blas-
phemy, and submits his opinions to the
arbitration of the Pope, ii. 296; his er-
rors the consequence of an excessive
subtilty, and metaphysical method of
explaining the Christian doctrine, ibid.
Port Royal, convent of, described, iii.
537; sanctity of the religious in it, and
its fame, 538, 539 and note; demolish-
ed by Lewis XVI. at the request of the
Jesuits, 540.

Portugal, her contest with Rome in xvii
cent. iii. 485; throws off the Spanish
yoke, ib.

Positivi, Christian doctors, so called, in
xii cent. and why, ii. 292.
Possevin, Anthony, a Jesuit missionary,
his fruitless attempt to unite the Ro-
mish and Russian churches in xvi cent.
iii. 201; writes against the Protestants,
iii. 454.

Potter, Archbishop of Canterbury, main-
tains the authority of church and cler-
gy of England against the attempts of
Bishop Hoadley to diminish it, and his
eharacter, iv. 207.

Prætorius, his work, "Tuba Pacis," to
convert Protestants, iii. 469 and r.
Prague, University of, &c. right of suf-
frages divided by its founder into four
nations, ii. 523; encroachments made
by the German nation on this account,
and contest about it in xv cent. fatal to
John Huss, 524.

Jerome of, condemned and burn-
ed alive in xv cent. ii. 526; the true
causes of this proceeding 526, 528 and
x, a, b.
Prareas, his notions concerning the Trin-
ity, i. 187; his followers called Monar-
chians, and whence ibid.
Prayers, the addition of Ave Maria made
to them in xiv cent. ii. 497.
Predestinarians, whence their rise in
cent. i. 394; their doctrine, ibid. oppo-
sed by Augustine, ibid. the opinion of
some concerning the reality of this
sect, ibid. and g.

Predestination and Grace, controversy

concerning, in ix cent. ii. 52; begun by
Godeschalcus, a Saxon, ibid. its state in
xvi cent. iii. 270; Calvin's doctrine of
it, 278.

Premontre, an order of Monks founded by
Norbert in xii cent. ii. 278; their uni-
versal fame, ibid. excessive poverty at
first, and future opulence, ibid. q; dis-
cipline chiefly modelled by St. Augus-
tine's rule, ibid. and r; first arrival into
England, ibid. sub. fin. not.
Presbyter, its import, i. 88 b. ibid. c.
Presbyterians, flourish under Cromwell,
iv. 104, 105.

Prescription, how pleaded against error, in
iii cent. i. 221 and m; polemics rest
upon it in xvii. cent. iii. 473.
Prester, John, an account of in xii cent. ii.
233 and n; his successor deprived of
his kingdom by Genghis Khan, 234;
the consequences of his death on the
affairs of the Christians in Tartary, 244.
Priesthood, an artful parallel between the

Jewish and Christian, i. 147; its perni-
eious effects, ibid.

Primasius, of Adrumetum, his works, i.
418, 421.

Printing, this art discovered in xv cent.

ii. 512; by whom invented, ibid. and p.
Priscillian, revives the Gnostic heresy in
iv cent. i. 326; condemned to death by
the order of Maximus, 327; an account
of his prosecutor, ib. m.
Priscillianists, their tenets imperfectly re-
presented, and how far they resembled
the Manichæans, i. 327, 328 and o.
Probability, doctrine of, inculcated by the
Jesuits, and what, iii. 170 and a.
Proclus, a modern Platonic in v cent. his
character, masters, and disciples, i. 344
and m.

Procopius, of Gaza, his works, i. 416; his
character as an expositor of Scripture,
421.

Propagation of the Gospel in foreign parts,

account of that society, iii. 417.
Prophets of the New Testament, the na-
ture of their office, i. 89; fanatical in
xvii cent. iv. 60.

Prosper, of Aquitain, an eminent polemic
writer in v cent. i. 356; his moral
works, 363.

Protestants, whence this name, iii. 57 and
h; deliberate about forming a league, on
the Emperor's arresting their ambassa-
dors, ib. but come to no determination,

58;
dissension among them about the
Eucharist, ibid. present a confession of
their faith at Augsburg, 70; object to a
council being called at Trent, and why,
83; attempt to propagate the Gospel in
foreign parts, 118 and k; their missions
in Asia, iii. 410; in America, 415; per-
secuted by Rome in xvii cent. 461;
milder methods used by Rome, 466

public and private conferences between
the doctors of both churches, but the`
breach is widened, 467 and n; methods
of reconciliation by the Romanists in-
effectual, 468.

Protestants, French, a great variety in
their religious sentiments, iii. 281; join
in communion with the church of Ge-
neva, ibid. their sufferings, ibid. 282;
peacemakers among them in xvii cent.
iii. 471; English peacemakers, William
Forbes, ibid. and a; Dutch, Grotius,
with the bad fruits of their labours, and
George Calixtus' conduct, 472; deser-
tions from the Protestant to the Catho-
lic church in this cent. personal only,
476; as Christina of Sweden, ibid. l, m;
Wolfgang, William, Count Palatine,
ibid. Christian William of Brandenburg,
Ernest of Hesse, ibid. and n; and other
learned men, iv. 68; divided into four
sects, iv. 92.
Prussia. See Liturgy.
Prussians, murder their missionaries Boni-
face and Bruno, ii. 121; compelled to
receive Christianity, ibid. compulsive
methods used for their conversion in
xiii cent. and the success of them by the
Teutonic knights, ii. 330, and u.
Psellus, Michael, expounds Aristotle, ii.
11; his great character, 136, 193; his
commentaries, 198.

Ptolemaites, Valentinian sect in ii cent. i.
195.

Purgatory, its analogy to Pagan supersti-
tion, i. 358, 359, and a; the success of
this doctrine in x cent. 106; dreaded
more than infernal torments, ibid.
Puritans, Nonconformists, their rise in xiv
cent. iii. 284; uncharitableness of the
Lutherans, and humanity of the Re-
formed towards them, ibid. k; two
classes refuse to assent to Queen Eliza-
beth's proceedings, 285; their history
by Neale, and character, 286, and m;
their sentiments and doctrine, ibid. fur-
ther exasperated, and opinion concern-
ing excommunication, 288 and o; their
disgust at the rites imposed, and at other
usages, 288, 289 and p, q, r; their
principles of the sentiments on church
government and worship, in answer to
the Queen's Commissioners, 289, 291;
divided into a variety of sects, 292; the
controversy between them and the
church of England, with the conduct of
the Helvetic church to the latter, and
the reasons, 318; contest about doctri-
nal points, 319 and d; their missions
to America, iii. 416 and r; their state
under James I. iv. 90, hope for better
times, but are disappointed, ibid: 91;
resolution in favour of them, 110 and b.

Q.