tion in xvii cent. iii. 434. Grotius led the way, with the advantages to Chris- tian morality, 435.
Naylor, James, a most extravagant Qua- ker, account of him, and the blasphe- mous encomiums bestowed upon him by the Quakers, iv. 148, sub. not. kk. Nazarenes, the rise of this sect properly dated from i cent. i. 121, 171; its divi- sion into two sects, ib. ranked among heretics by Epiphanius, and if justly, ib. and e; their gospel, ib. and f; that term what originally, ib. their tenets, and why gently treated by most Christians, ib. and g.
Neercassel, John, assists Arnaud in propa- gating Jansenism among the Romish churches in Holland and the Nether- lands, iii. 533.
Neri, Philip, founds the priests of the ora- tory in xvi cent. iii. 151; by whom as- sisted, ib. y; is sainted by Urban VIII. iii. 549.
Nero, persecutes the Christians, and why, i. 67, 73.
Nestorianism, its rise and author, i. 376, 377; impartial judgment concerning this controversy, 379; progress after the council of Ephesus, 381; its success in the East, ib. is propagated by Barsu- mas of Nisibis through Persia, 382; taught in a school at Nisibis erected for this purpose, ibid. encouraged in Persia, 408; its state in vi cent. 433. Nestorians, their divisions cease, i. 382, doctrine what, ib. hold their founder in the highest veneration, 383; but main- tain the doctrine taught by him to be older than himself, ib. Eastern, diligent in exploring the true sense of Scripture, 420; spread their doctrines with suc- cess; in vi cent. 433; introduce Chris- tianity among the Chinese in vii cent. 439; flourish under the Saracens, 465; plant the gospel in Tartary, and beyond Mount Imaus, in x cent. ii. 73; frequent- ly solicited by Romish missionaries to submit to the papal yoke in xiii cent. but in vain, ii. 420; two factions among them, and how occasioned, in xvi cent. iii. 134; violent methods used by Me- nezes, bishop of Goa, &c. to reduce them to the Romish yoke, 135; are call- ed Chaldeans, 190; distinguished from other societies of Christians by peculiar doctrines and rites, iii. 194; their no- tions of the two natures and two per- sons in Christ explained, 195, and u; careful in avoiding superstitious opi- nions and practices, ib. and x; their pa- triarchs, ib. and 196; their state in xvii cent. iii. 562, offers of reconciliation with Rome, why not accepted, ibid. those on the coast of Malabar persecu- ted by the Romish priests, 563; but tole- rated by the Dutch, ibid. refuse to en-
ter into the Romish communion, though repeatedly solicited by the most earnest entreaties and alluring offers in xviii cent. ii. 195. Nestorius, founder of a sect in v cent. i. 376; occasion of his controversy, 377; anathematized by Cyril, Bishop of Al- exandria, 378; his charge against Cyril, ibid. is condemned to banishment by a general council at Ephesus, 379; the justice of this sentence examined, ibid. faults to be found in this controversy, 380 and r.
Neuser, Adam, introduces Socinianism into Germany, iii. 373.
Newton, Sir Isaac, his great character, ii. 446, and s; the excellence of his philo- sophy how proved, 447; his works and life by whom written, ibid. t; liberty of thinking restored by him and Des Cartes, and in what the admirers of the former were superior to those of the latter, ibid.
Nice, the first general council at, i. 317; the account of it imperfect, ibid. Arius is condemned, 318: determines the time for observing Easter, ibid. and s; termi- nates the Novatian troubles, ibid. con- demns the Meletian schism, ibid. and t, u, second council in viii cent. i. 520; superstitious decrees in favour of image worship, ibid. its authority and this de- cision acknowledged by the church of Rome, ibid.
Nicephorus, patriarch of Constantinople, an account of his defence of image wor- ship, ii. 29.
Callistus, his ecclesiastical his- tory, an account of, ii. 447.
Gregoras, his character, ii. 447 ; works, 488. Nicetas, Choniates, a Greek historian in xiii cent. ii. 335.
David, an account of, ii. 29.
Pectoratus, a zealous advocate for the Greeks in xi cent. ii. 193; his chain of commentaries on Job, 198. Nicholas, patriarch of Constantinople, suspends the Emperor Leo the Philoso- pher, for marrying a fourth wife, ii. 111, 112; deprived by the Emperor, ibid. is restored to his dignity by his son, ibid.
II. Pope, his character, ii. 149 and c; his famous decree concerning the election of the Pope, 150 and e.
III. Pope, his famous constitu- tion, confirming the rule of St. Francis, ii. 384, and z; forbids all private expli- cations of this law, ibid. and a,
IV. Pope, refuses to crown the Emperor Rodolphus, till he acknow- ledged the papal pretensions, ii. 350; his character, 362.
V. Pope, his great character, ii. 537; a great patron of letters, ibid. Henry, founder of the Family of
Love in xvi cent. iii. 351; his opinions,
Nicias, a polemic divine in vii cent, i. 462,
writes against the Gentiles, ibid. Nicolaitans, an account of this sect, i. 119. Nicolle, a Jansenist doctor and polemic divine, iii. 474; his character and works, ibid. g, h; a follower of Des Cartes, 507; patron of the Jansenists, 526.
Nicon, his treatise on the religion of the Armenians in x cent. ii. 103.
Nieder, John, his works, and the use of them, ii. 548.
Nihusius, a Popish methodist, his work, iii. 473, and d.
Nilus, character of his works, i. 355. Noailles, Cardinal de, opposes the Bull Unigenitus of Clement XI. and the event, v. 193.
Nobili, Robert de, account of that Jesuit's mission, iii. 390; his singular strata- gems in Madura, ibid. and i; followed by other Jesuits with surprising success, and the causes, 391, 392, and m, and *. Noetus, his doctrine of the Trinity, i. 237; followers, whence called Patripassians, 238.
Nogaret, William de, seizes the person of Pope Boniface VIII. and his ill treat- ment of the Pope, ii. 454; prosecutes his accusation against the Pope after his death, 455.
Nogent, Guibert, Abbot of, his commenta- ries, ii. 290; attacks the Schoolmen in xii cent. 294.
Nominalists, who, and whence so called,
ii. 15, b; dispute between them and the Realists in xi cent. 143; their chief, John the Sophist, 144; the state of their disputes in xii cent. ii. 254, 255; which continue in xiv cent. and the issue, 450; their state in xv cent. 517. Nonconformists, name given to the Puri- tans, iii. 284; their hopes frustrated un- der Charles II. iv. 110; precarious situ- ation under him, ibid. flourish under William III. ibid. toleration act passed under him, ibid. and h; their state in England in xviii cent. iv. 206. Nonjurors, high churchmen, their rise and the occasion in xvii cent. iv. 111, and ii, iii; their notions, 112, and k; Dod- well's defence of them, and by whom answered, ibid. and ; principles in which they differ from the established church of England, 113.
Norbert, a German nobleman, founds the monastic order of Premontre in xii cent. ii. 278; silences the sect of Tanquel- mus, 313.
Normans, their successful invasions in ix cent. ii. 8; the sufferings of the Chris- tians under them, ibid. piracy esteemed among them, ibid. k; form new settle- ments, 9; softened by living among
Christians, ibid. many converted in x cent. with their chief Rollo, 74; flour- ishing state of learning among them in xi cent. 136.
Norway, Christianity propagated in x cent. ii. 79; whether by Olaus, Tryggueson, or Suenon, 80, and u; Guthebald the most eminent missionary among them, ibid.
Notker, a monkish historian in x cent. ii. 90.
Novatian, disturbs the peace of the church in iii cent. i. 240; his character, ibid. his severity to the lapsed under the per- secution by Decius, 242; opposes Cor- nelius chosen bishop of Rome, sepa- rates from the church, and is excommu-" nicated, ibid.
Nuremberg, an account of the Diet in xvi cent. iii. 48, 49; peace between the Emperor Charles V. and Protestants at a second Diet, 66; the terms, ibid. the effects, 77; the ratification of this peace in xvii cent. iii. 461, and y.
Occam, William, renews the disputes be- tween the Nominalists and Realists, and strenuous advocate for the former, ii. 450; his philosophy forbidden, 451; but prevails, ibid. keen satires against the Pope, 479; his didactic writings, 490.
Ochin, a supposed infidel in xvi cent. iii.
Ochinus, Bernardin, his opinions, iii. 317; embraces the communion of the Anti- trinitarians and Anabaptists in Poland, where he dies, ibid. said to be a princi- pal member of the secret assemblies of Venice and Vicenza, 360 and m.
Odensee, the famous edict at in xvi cent. iii. 65 and t.
Odilo, of Clugni, his works, ii. 105; and s; adds All Souls to the festivals in x cent. 113.
Odo, Abbot of Clugni, his attempts to re- form the monks, ii. 102; his new disci- pline adopted in all the European con- vents, ibid. character, 404; his moral observations on Job, a transcript only from a like work of Gregory the Great, 110.
Bishop of Cambray, restores the sci- ence of logic, ii. 142. Oecolampadius, resumes the dispute con- cerning the Eucharist with Luther, and character, iii. 266 and r; his exposi- tions of Scripture, 310. Oeconomical method of disputing intro- duced in ii cent. i. 55; its nature, ibid. z; almost universally adopted, and to what owing, 221 and l. Oecumenical council, first established in iv cent. i. 269.
Oecumenius, his chain, ii. 103 and k.
Ogilby, his remarkable embassy to the king of Spain, from James I. of Eng- land, iv. 94, sub. not. i.
Olaus, King of Norway, converted to Christianity, ii. 80; is sainted, ibid. es- tablishes the Gospel, and by what me- thods, ibid. u.
Olive, Jean Pierre de, famous Franciscan in xiii cent. excites new dissensions in the order, ii. 385 and b; the corrup- tions of the church of Rome, the chief object of his censure, ibid. his fanati- cism, ibid. warmth against the Popes for maintaining the renunication of popery. 386 and ƒ.
Olympia, Donna, her illicit commerce with Pope Innocent X. iii. 451 and e. Olympiodorus, a Platonic philosopher in iv cent. i. 267.
Ophites, a sect of ridiculous Heretics in ii cent. i. 186; divided into Christian and Antichristian, ibid. their tenets, whence they had their name, ibid. Optatus, his work against the Donatists, and character, i. 280 and m. Oratory, priests of the, founded in xvi cent. iii. 151; their name whence, ibid.
Order, its meaning when applied to Monks, ii. 103 h.
Orders, ecclesiastical, their great vices in xii cent. ii. 273 and d.
religious, new in xiv cent. what, ii. 485; new in xv cent. what, 545.
monastic, their state in xvii cent. iii. 494; reformations made, and hence two classes, 497, t, u; new, founded in xvii cent. 501.
Oresme, Nicholas, his French translation of Aristotle in xiv cent. 450 and w. Origen, his zeal in spreading copies of the Gospel, i. 194; character, 212 and x; erroneous method of explaining Christian truths by the Platonic philo- sophy, 215; the abuse of it by his fol- lowers, ibid. his Hexapla, fragments of it, 217 and f; allegorical method of in- terpreting Scripture, censured, ibid. neglects the outward letter of it, and confines his study to the hidden sense of it, ibid, and g, h; his subdivisions of this mystical world, 218; method fol- lowed by other interpreters, ibid. his Stromata and principles, 219; moral works, ibid. rigorous measures by De- metrius, Bishop of Alexandria, in two councils against him, 224; his book of Principles contains dangerous opinions, 225 and t; his deprivation and degra- dation variously received, ibid. and u; confutes the Arabian philosophers, 240; controversies concerning him in iv cent. 299; troubles in the East, on ac- count of his writings, 300; his method of interpreting Scripture followed by
many, i. 360, 421; controversies con cerning him renewed in vi cent. 425; condemned by Justinian, and his doc- trine ordered to be suppressed, ibid. and k, l; condemned with his followers in the fifth general council at Constan- tinople, 427 and r; his doctrine adopt- ed by the Quakers, iv. 153, 154. Origenism, disputes about in v cent. ì. 367, 368; melancholy effects of them to Chrysostom, 368. Origenists, who, i. 381.
Orkneys, Christianity first propagated there in x cent. ii. 80. Orosius, obviates many objections against Christianity in his history, i. 339; his character, 355 and p.
Osiander, Andrew, his Harmony of the Evangelists, iii. 224; disputes excited by him in xvi cent. 247; his character and doctrine, ibid. opposed by Stanca- rus, 248.
Osnaburg, peace of Westphalia concluded at, iii. 460.
Ostorod, Christopher, attempts to propa- gate Socinianism in Holland, iii. 373; is banished, and his books condemned to be burned, but not executed, ibid.
Ostrogoths, kingdom in Italy in v cent. and its duration, i. 332.
Otho the Great, his zeal for Christianity, ii. 81; excessive liberality to the cler- gy, and its unhappy effects, 82; obtains the Purple, and saluted with the title of Emperor by Pope John XII. 96; calls a council, and degrades the perjured Pope, ibid. his death and miserable consequences, ibid. his edict, by which he and his successors maintained their supremacy over the Bishop and Church of Rome. 99.
Bishop of Bamberg, converts the Po- meranians in xiii cent. ii. 226, 227 and
IV. Emperor, deposed and excom- municated by Pope Innocent III. ii. 352.
Pachymeres, George, his works, ii. 399; a mystic writer in xiii cent. and his treatise on Dionysius, 411.
Pacific age, that time so denominated when Christ came into the world, i. 31.
Padua, Anthony of, an expositor of Scrip- ture in xiii cent. ii. 405. Paganism, remains of it in iv cent. al-
though zealously opposed by the Chris- tian Emperors, i. 259; some remains in vi cent. even among the learned, i. 401.
Pagans, their deities were ancient heroes, &c. i. 33; pay worship to material and
heavenly bodies, and this accounted for, 34 and m; the rites and sacrifices they paid to these deities various, ibid. had stated times and places for this worship, 35; their mysteries infamous, ibid. religion did not inspire its votaries with the love of virtue, ibid. why re- jected, 36; promoted universal corrup- tion, ibid. and.x; the two arguments used by their crafty priests in defence of their religion, 37.
Pajon, Claude, attempts to modify the doc- trine of the Reformed Church, iv. 86; this assertion corrected, ibid. u; his sentiments misrepresented by his ad- versaries, 87, 88 and y; his own decla- ration, 89 and z; tenets condemned as heterodox. ibid.
Palæologus, Jacob, maintains Budnæus's doctrine, and is burned at Rome, iii. 381. Palamas, Gregory, Archbishop of Thessa- lonica, supports the doctrine of the Quietists in xiv cent. ii. 498; and pre- vails in several councils at Constantino- ple, ibid. and 499; his notions concern- ing the divine operation, ibid. Palatinate, decline of the Protestants in xvii cent. iv. 70 and t. Palestine, its two religions the Jewish and Samaritan, much corrupted among the people at our Saviour's coming in- to the world, i. 45; division into various seets among the learned, ibid. the de- cline of the Christians here in xii cent. ii. 234.
Palladius, writes the Lausiac history, and whence this name, i. 278 and e; his mission among the Scots (Irish) not at- tended with desired success in v cent. i. 336 and q; his works and character, 354.
Pandulph, Legate of Pope Innocent III.
his artful and insolent behaviour to John of England, ii. 354.
Panormitanus, Antonius, revives Latin poety in xv cent. ii. 513. Pantanus, is said to convert the Indians
in ii cent. and the fact examined, i. 124; his version of the Scriptures lost, 152. Pantheists, account of this impious sect, iii. 428, and u; most eminent members among them, 429 and w, x, y. Papal power saved from ruin by the force of the secular arm and imperial edicts in xvi cent. iii. 74.
Papin, Isaac, propagates the doctrine of Pajon, and reduces it to two proposi- tions iv. 89, refuted by Jurieu, and condemned and excommunicated, 90; turns Roman Catholic, ibid. Paracelsistic fire, philosophy, its state in xvii cent. iii. 436. Paracelsists, eminent in xvi cent. iii. 221 : aim at the subversion of the Peripatetic VOL. IV. 57
philosophy, ibid. get footing in England and France, and other countries, with their motives, 222 and x. Paracelsus, Theophrastus, a supposed In- fidel, iii. 119; his character as a phi- losopher, 123; founds the philosophical sect of Theosophists, 124; makes great improvements in chymistry, 123 q. Paris, council assembled at, by Lewis the Meek, rejects Pope Adrian's letter in favour of image worship, i. 524.
frequented in xii cent. for its emi- nent divines, ii. 390; various sects of divines here, ibid. the first European University founded at in xiii cent. and whence this name, ii. 338; severe disci- pline in it, 339; academy of sciences flourishes in xvii cent. iii. 482. Paris, Matthew, an eminent historian in xiii cent. ii. 340.
William of, a metaphysical divine in xiii cent. ii. 400.
- John of, his great character, ii. 401 and n.
Abbe de, pretended miracles wrought at his tomb, iii. 527, 528 n. Parthenius, patriach of Constantinople in xvii cent. iii. 554; opposes the preten-
sions of Rome, which desists from fur- ther attempts, ibid.
Paruta, his errors, iii. 359 and i; a mem- ber of the secret assemblies at Venice and Vicenza, 360.
Pasaginians, circumcised, name of a sect in xii cent. ii. 319; their great aversion to the church of Rome, ibid. two distin- guishing tenets, ibid.
Pascal II. Pope, renews the disputes con- cerning investitures, ii. 257; imprison- ed by the Emperor, 259; resigns the Ring and Crosier, ibid. breaks the con- vention with the Emperor, and excom- municates him, ibid. is condemned by a council at Rome, ibid. b; and dies, 260.
illustrates the doctrine of Des Car- tes, iii. 507; account of his Provincial Letters, 515, w; a patron of the Jan- senists, 526.
Passau pacific treaty with the Protestants, iii. 91; some of its principal articles, ibid. d.
Paterinus, a common name given to all Heretics in xi cent. ii. 167; origin of it, ibid. r.
Paterius's exposition of the Old and New Testament, a compilation only from Gregory the Great, i. 459 and y. Patriarchs, the nature of their office ex- plained, i. 147; their creation, whence, 270; Bishop of Rome their prince, 272; their number increased in v cent. ii. 348; their privileges considered, ibid. not universally acknowledged, ibid. inconveniences arising from the
patriarchal government, 349; contests with each other, and melancholy ef fects, 350.
Patrick, converts the Irish in v cent. ii. 336; founds the Archbishopric of Ar- magh, ibid. called the Apostle of the Irish, from the success of his ministry,
Patronage, the right of, its origin, i. 302. Patropassians, who, and why so called, i. 187.
Paul, called to be an Apostle by Christ himself, i. 61; his extraordinary charac- ter, ibid.
-the first hermit, i. 216; if properly styled the founder of the Mystics, ibid. of Samosata, founder of a sect of heretics, i. 239; his errors about the Trinity, ibid.
the Deacon, his fame and works in viii cent. i. 507.
II. Pope, his mixed character, ii. 540 and p.
Paul III. Pope, proposes to call a general council at Mantua, iii. 77; the place objected against, and why, 78 and i, m; his proposals for a reformation more specious than real, 83 and w; dispute about his character, 142 e.
IV. Caraffa, Pope, his character and arrogance, iii, 143 and e; founder of the Theatins, 149.
V. Borghese, Pope, his character, iii. 449; contest with the Venetians, 450; the occasion and important pieces on both sides, ibid. b.
Vincent de, founder of the priests of the missions in xvii cent. iii. 502; is sainted, ibid.
Paulicians, controversy of the Greeks
with them in vii cent. i. 464; a sect in ix cent. ii. 66; persecuted by the Greek Emperors, and consequences, 56; their deplorable state under the Empress Theodora, ibid. meet with protection from the Saracens, and under the com- mand of Carbeas carry on a bloody war against the Greeks, ibid. 68 and p; their doctrine propagated with success among the Bulgarians, ibid. and q; whether Manichæans or not, consider- ed, ibid. their opinions in six articles, 69, 70, 71, and x, y, z; miserable state under the Greeks in xi cent. 219; take refuge in Europe, 220; their reforma- tion attempted, and warmly pursued by the Emperor Alexius, ibid. where first settled, ibid. and o; different names, 221 and p, q, r; their first assembly at Orleans, with their abettors, 222; hav- ing rejected lenient methods used for their conviction, are condemned to be burned alive, ibid. their principles seem to be mystic, ibid. and u; another branch converted by Gerhard, and par-
ticular tenets, 223; and why adopted by some, 225.
Paulinus, of Aquileia, his character and works, i. 507.
Bishop of Nola, his works, i,
Peasants, their horrid war in xvi cent. and the occasion, iii. 50, 51, and b; their claims made religious by Munzer, with their different demands, ibid. their out- rages not chargeable on Luther's doc- trine, 52; defeated at Mulhausen, and their ringleader Munzer put to death, ibid.
Peckham, John de, a metaphysical divine in xiii cent. ii. 400. Pelagianism, its rise in v cent. i. 391. Pelagians, their tenets, i. 392 and a; sup- pressed by Augustin's writings, ibid. progress of their opinions in the East, ibid. condemned in Gaul, England, and Africa, 393.
Pelagius, account of him, i. 391; his cha- racter unfairly represented by Jerome, ibid. z; and impartially stated by Au- gustin, ibid. appeals to the court of Rome, 393 and d; condemned there by Zosimus, ibid.
Pellican, a writer in xvi cent. iii. 319. Penance, which had been long neglected, is restored in vii cent. by Theodore of Tarsus, i. 461 and c.
Penitents, first allowed private confession by Leo the Great, i. 371. Penn, William, procures a toleration for the Quakers under James II. and ac- count of, iv. 150 and r; settles the Quakers in Pennsylvania, which was granted him by Charles II. and so na- med from him, 151; his character, ibid. and t; flourishing state of Pennsylva- nia, ibid. endeavours to digest Quaker ism into a regular form, 154; his wri- tings, ibid. sub. not. b.
Pennafort, Raymond de, his decretals, and the fame acquired by them in xiii cent. ii. 346; his polemic works against the Jews and Saracens, 412; is sainted in xvii cent. iii. 549. Pennsylvania, province of America, Qua- kers established there, and whence its name, iv. 151.
People, their right of choosing their rulers and teachers in the primitive church, i. 87; seem to have purchased this right by their oblations, ibid. Pepin usurps the crown of France in viii cent. i. 495; is supported by Pope Za- chary, 496 and q; anointed and crown- ed by Stephen, ibid. and r; his donation to the see of Rome, 497. Peraldus, William, his works, and the fame he acquired, ii. 401 and m. Perezius, attacks and refutes the Jews in V cent. ii. 559.
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