how accounted for, 131; character of
commentators, 160, 161; theological
disquisitions in this church demand re-
formation, and why, 161 and q; state
of practical religion among its members,
163; moral writers divided into three
classes, ibid. and t; produces many po-
lemic divines, and their character, 164;
its internal state examined, and proved
to be disordered, 165, 166; principal
subjects of debate reduced to six, and
explained, 167, and notes, vain attempts
to unite the Russian church to this,
201; little or no success attends the
labours of the missionaries among the
Eastern sects, and iniquitous practices
used to gain converts, 203, 204, and w;
how far it was considered a true church
by the commissioners of Queen Eliza-
beth, 290; its history and Popes in
xvii cent. iii. 449; attempts to ruin the
Protestants, but unsuccessful, 453, 454;
writers on both sides, 454; loses ground
in the East, with two striking instances
of it, 477, 478, and s; its downfal in
Abyssinia, 478; the papal authority, its
decline, 481; French maxim concern-
ing it, embraced by most princes and
states of Europe, 482; all prospect of
reconciling the Protestants with the
members of the Romish communion
quite removed in xviii cent. and how,
iv.190; intestine divisions in this church,
191; controversy relative to the Jesuits
and Jansenists still continues, ibid. 192
and f; debates occasioned by the New
Testament of Quesnel, with the Bull of
Pope Clement XI. in condemnation of
it, ibid. commotions raised by this Bull
in France, with the issue in favour of
it, 193; two circumstances, by which
Jansenism is supported, 194; pretended
miracles by the remains of Abbé Paris
refuted, and visions of the Jansenists
considered, and success of their cause,
ibid. and i, 195 and k; attempts of the
Pontiffs to renew the Abyssinian mission
ineffectual, ibid.

Church, rulers, how called in i cent. i. 88;
their character and office, ibid. distinc-
tion between teaching and ruling Pres-
byters considered, ibid. and e.

Russian, its history and rise in
xvii cent. iii. 556 and m, n; change in-
troduced into it by Peter I. 557; its
state in xviii cent. iv. 195; followers
somewhat more civilized than in the
former ages, with some exceptions, ib.
Churches, if the first Christians had any,
considered, i. 107 and z, a; the remark-
able zeal of Christians for rebuilding
and adorning them in xi cent. ii. 218.

449.

more ancient, their history, iii.

modern, an account of, iii. 206.
Chytræus, eminent for his knowledge in
history in xvi cent. 218.

Cimbrians, converted to Christianity in
ix cent. ii. 4.
Cinnamus, an historian, in xii cent. bis
character, ii. 246.

Circumcelliones, in Africa, their rise and
ravages, i. 341; severe proceedings
against them, after their defeat at Bag-
nia, 312.

Cistercian monks, their rise in xi cent. ii.
186; founder Robert Abbot of Molene,
ibid. discipline, ibid. gradually cor-
rupted, 187 and c; their opulence and
credit in xii cent. due to St. Bernard,
Abbot of Clairval, ii. 274; whence call-
ed Benardians, ibid. division between
them and the monks of Clugni, ibid.
Clarendon, constitutions of, what, and
their design, ii. 267 and s.

Lord, his account of Archbishop
Abbot, iv. 92 and f; partiality censured,
93 sub. f.

Clarke, Dr. Samuel, charged with alter-
ing the orthodox doctrine of the Tri-
nity, iv. 210; his method of inquiring
into that subject, and his doctrine of it
comprehended in fifty-five propositions,
211, sub. not. z; endeavours to avoid
the imputation of heresy ineffectual, is
branded with that of Semi-Arian, and
proceeded against by the houses of
convocation, with his prudence, ibid.
sub. z; is opposed by several divines,
and particularly Dr. Waterland, and
defends himself with spirit, 212.
Claudius, Emperor, the state of the church
under him, tolerable, i. 200.

Bishop of Turin, his exposition
and chronology, ii. 30, 40; his laudable
zeal in ix cent. against images and their
worship, 47; is opposed, ibid. success
in maintaining his opinions, ibid. the
doctrine maintained by his adversaries,

ibid.

denies Christ's divinity, iii. 355.
Clausenburg, academy at, iii. 381 and x;
account of, ibid.

Clemangis, Nicholas de, his great charac-
ter, iii. 429 and p.

Clemens, Bishop of Rome, the most emi-
nent writer in i cent. his works, i. 94
and s, t; some writings falsely attribu-
ted to him, 95 and w.

Alexandrinus, his great charac-
ter, i. 148; commentary on the scrip-
tures lost, 151; work against Heretics,
153; treatises on morality lost, 155.
Clement, of Ireland, misrepresented by
Boniface, Winfrid, i. 525; condemned
at a council by Pope Zachary, ibid. the
heresy he is charged with examined,
ibid. k.

III. Pope, remarkably zealous
for Crusades, ii. 272.

- V. abrogates the laws made by
Boniface VIII. and shows himself to
Philip the Fair in other respects, ii.
458; contentions which happened at his

death concerning the choice of a suc-
cessor, ibid.

Clement, VI. his character and ambition,
ii. 461; reserves to himself the disposal
of various churches and benefices,
ibid.

VII. his character, iii. 48; inso-
lent behaviour at an interview with the
Emperor Charles V. at Bologna, 59;
reasons for deferring to call a general
council, 77 and .

VIII. Hippolito Aldobrandini, an
account of, iii. 449 and a.

IX. Rospigliosi, his character,
iii. 457; peace of, 532 and u.

XI. Albani, his high character,
iii. 453 and m; decides the controversy
relating to the Chinese rites against the
Jesuits, and severe edict of, iv. 185;
which is mitigated, and how, ibid. con-
sequence in China, ibid. condemns by
his bull Unigenitus, Quesnel's New
Testament, and anecdote concerning,
192 and g.

XII. character of, iv. 189.
Clementina, spurious, i. 221 and n.
Clergy, a perfect equality among them
in i cent. i. 92; an artful parallel be-
tween the offices of the Christian and
Jewish, with the pernicious conse-
quences, 147; their vices in iii cent.
209; they assume superior dignity,
which occasions inferior orders, 210;
'concubinage introduced among them,
211; crimes charged on them, with the
cause, in iv cent. 275; their excessive
pride in v cent. 351; and source of
their vices, 352; their vices not to be
restrained by the legislature in viii
cent. 490; veneration for them greater
in the West than in the East, and why,
ibid. and k; the increase of their reve-
nues, whence, 491 and ; are invested
with temporal dignities, 492; great li-
berality to them, and the cause of, 492,
493, and n; their enormous crimes in
ix cent. and sources of them, ii. 17, 18;
zealous in the cause of superstition, ii.
33; their revenues increased through
the fondness that prevailed for relics,
37; vices in x cent. principally imputed
to the examples of the pontiffs of Rome,
93; simony and concubinage frequent
among them, 101, 102, and e, f; decay
of piety and discipline among them in
xi cent. 144; their infamous lives in
xiii cent. ii. 346; complaints against
them in xiv cent. 453; the great de-
cline of the Christian church in XV
cent. through their neglect and vices,
517; the objects of universal contempt
in xvi cent. iii. 16; the doctrines they
chiefly inculcated, what, 22; neglect a
reformation of principles, and why, 23.
of Rome, their state in xvi cent.
iii. 144; obtain considerable advan-
VOL. IV.
53

tages at the expense of their pontiffs,
146; manners of the superior, and cause
of their great corruption, ibid. the infe-
rior orders more virtuous in their prin-
ciples, ibid. their state in xvii cent. iii.
495; how corrupted, with several ex-
ceptions, ibid. s and 496.

Clerks, apostolic, account of that order,
and its abolition, iii. 344.

regular, their rise in xvi cent. ii.

484.
Clovis, King of the Salii, founder of the
kindom of the Franks in Gaul, i. 334;
converted to Christianity, and how in-
duced to embrace it, ibid. is baptized
by Remigius, Bishop of the Salii, ibid.
the influence of his conversion on the
minds of the Franks, 335; the miracle
said to be performed at his baptism, a
fiction, ibid. and o; his conversion
gave rise to the title of Most Christian
King, 336.

Clugni, Monks of, their founder Odo, Ab-
bot of Clugni, ii. 102; discipline soon
adopted in all the European convents,
103; a mistake made by writers con-
cerning this order, ibid. h; jealous of
the Cistercians, 274; Benedictines de-
generate in xii cent. ibid.

Cocceius, John, his sentiments followed
by the Dutch divines in xvii cent. iv.
26; method of interpreting Scripture,
73; followers and tenets, ibid. 74; who
are united with the Cartesians, 115; his
sentiments concerning Holy Scripture,
and account of, 117; differs from Cal-
vin, and how, ibid. his chimerical sys-
tem, ibid. sentiments concerning the
doctrinal part of theology, 118; is op-
posed, yet after all stands his ground,
ibid.

Coddeus, Peter, assists Arnaud in propa-

gating Jansenism in Holland, iii. 533.
Codinus, George, his works, ii. 547.
Canobites, an order of Monks in iv cent.
an account of, i. 292.

Cogitosus, a writer of the lives of the saints
in vi cent. i. 423.

College de propaganda fide, founded at
Rome in xvii cent. iii. 383; number of
members, ibid. and a; business, 384;
another by Urban VIII. 385; some of
the same nature in France, ibid. alter-
cations of their missionaries with those
of the Jesuits, 386.
Collegiants, a Socinian sect, their rise in
xvii cent. iv. 173 and t, u; founders
174; whence called Collegiants and
Rhinsbergers, ibid. and r; their customs
and tenets, 175; extensiveness of their
community, which comprehends all
Christian sects, ibid. debates among
them, and concerning what, 176 and

Collins, his impiety and Deism in xviii
cent. iv. 188.

Collyridians, a sect in iv cent. i. 330; they
worship the Virgin Mary, ibid.
Colonia, Dominic, the use of his History
of the controversies in the church of
Rome, iii. 173.

Columban, the disciple of Congall, an ac-
count of, i. 414, 418, and u; the success
of his ministry in vii cent. 455.
Comestor, Peter, his character, ii. 283.
Commentaries, chains of them in ix cent.
and whence this name, ii. 38 and p.
Commentators, few men of judgment
among them in iv cent. i. 284; pervert
the natural expressions of Scripture,
and search for allegorical senses, 285;
their character in vi cent. and division
into two classes, 421; few among the
Greeks in ix cent. and defects of the
Latin, ii. 39; allegorical, their funda-
mental principle, and number of senses,
ibid. 40; deserve little notice in x cent.
110; many in xi cent. but very unequal
to the undertaking, 198; their defects
in xii cent. 288; their character in xiv
cent. 488; in xv cent. 556.
Commission court, high, account of, iii.
288 and p; exorbitant power, ibid. in
fine; principles laid down by it, 289;
how answered by the Puritans, ibid.
290.

Commodus, Emperor, state of the Chris-
tians under him, i. 134 ard b.
Commenus, Alexius, Emperor of Greece,
suspects the designs of the first Cru-
sade, and is at first afraid, ii. 124; a
great patron of letters, 135; his contro-
versy with the Manichæans, 220.

Emanuel, his character and
works, ii. 299, 300.
Conception, immaculate, of the Virgin Ma-
ry, contest about in xii cent. ii. 302 and
h; the cause of additional veneration
being paid her, 303; controversy about
it in xvii cent. between the Franciscans
and Dominicans, iii. 540, 541, and g;
feast instituted in honour of it by Cle-
ment XI. 540, g.

Concord, form, account of, iii. 209, 250;
why called Book of Torgaw, 253; its
compilers, and account of, ibid. b, c;
purposes for which used, 254; produces
much disturbance, and opposed by the
Reformed, ibid. and even by the Luthe-
rans themselves, 255; their different
motives, with Julius of Brunswick's con-
duct, 256, 257; why rejected in his do-
minions, ibid. suppressed in Branden-
burg in xvii cent. iv. 6 and d; disputes
in Switzerland concerning it, 125; by
whom drawn up, and why, ibid. good
intention of it frustrated, and contests
occasioned, 126; abrogated at Basil
and Geneva, and falls into oblivion, ib.
disputes about in Switzerland in xviii
cent. and loses much of its credit, 209.
Concordate, what, iii. 14; forcibly impo-

sed on his subjects by Francis I. "of
France, ibid and h.
Conference between Protestants and Pa-
pists at Ratisbon, iii. 467; at Newberg,
ibid. at Thorn, between several Doctors
of the Lutheran, Reformed, and Romish
churches, ibid. at Rheinfeldt, between
the Reformed and the Catholics, 468;
in France between Claude and Bossuet,
ibid. at Leipsic, between the Lutherans
and Reformed, iv. 8; at Cassel, ibid.
and at Thorn, 9 and í.

Confessional, some groundless remarks in
it answered, iv. 214, 225. See Appen-
dix IL and III. 214, 226.
Confessors, who entitled to this name, i.
71; veneration paid to them, perverted,
and their number, ibid. records of their
lives and actions lost, 72.

Confucius, assertion concerning him, iii.
403; religious worship paid him by the
Chinese, 404 and z.

Congall, abbot, propagates the monastic
discipline in Great Britian, i. 413.
Congregation of Aid, why so called, iii.
178; history of its proceedings uncer-
tain, ibid. and m.

of the Holy Sacrament in
France, and its founder, iii. 385.
Conrad, of Lichtenau, his character, ii.
340.

-of Marpurg, the first German inqui-
sitor, ii. 425; his barbarity, and fate,
ibid. and k, L

Constance, the famous council held at, in
xv cent. ii. 520; its design to heal the
divisions in the Papal empire, 521;
limits the authority of the Pope, ibid.
its happy issue, ibid. and m, n; issues
out a decree against the writings and
ashes of Wickliffe, 529; deprives the
Laity of the cup in the Holy Sacrament,
and the reason, 530.

Constans, obtains all the Western pro-
vinces, i. 255; is soon deprived of his
empire, and assassinated by the order of
Magnentius, ibid.

Constantine the Great, made Emperor in
the West, i. 248; publishes an edict in
favour of the Christians, and restores
peace to the church, 250; is involved
in a civil war hereupon, and defeats
Maxentius, ibid. grants the Christians
power to live according to their own
laws and institutions, ibid. is converted
to Christianity, and different opinions
concerning his faith, ibid. the sincerity
of his faith proved, 251; is baptized by
Eusebius, Bishop of Nicomedia, a few
days before his death, ibid. and to;
whether influenced somewhat by
worldly motives to embrace Christiani-
ty considered, 252; the influence of
Christianity and superstition compared.

ibid. and a; story of the cross seen by
him in the air, ibid. and attended with
several difficulties, and hypotheses
about it, 253 and a; his colleague Lici-
nius persecutes the Christians, ib. and
b; but is defeated and strangled, 254;
his efforts against Paganism, and zeal
for Christianity, ibid. dies, and is suc-
ceeded by his three sons, who massacre
all their relations but two, ibid. 255 and
c; models ecclesiastical government
according to the civil, 270; divides it
into external and internal, 271; how he
and his successors frequently called
councils, &c. ibid. raised in the Bishop
of Byzantium, a rival to Rome, 274;
presides at and determines an ecclesias-
tical cause against the Donatists, 310.
Constantine II. what dominions were allot-
ted to him, i. 255; engages in a war with
his brother Constans, and is slain.

Capronymus, his zeal against
image worship, i. 501, 519; calls a
council, which condemns this practice
of superstition, ibid. the validity of this
council denied by the Roman Catholics,
ibid. u; the monks, who opposed the
decree of this council, chastised by him,
ibid.

Porphyrogeneta, his zeal for
reviving learning among the Greeks in
x cent. ii. 87; encourages literature by
his example and munificence, ib. and e;
his laudable design how frustrated, ib.
calls an assembly of the clergy, in which
fourth marriages are prohibited, 112.
Constantinople, the first council at, as-
sembled by Theodosius the Younger, i.
326; which condemns the Macedonian
Heresy, and confirms and improves the
doctrine of the Nicene council relative
to the Trinity, ibid. another summoned
by Justinian, i. 427; the three chapters
condemned here, its authority admitted
by the pontiffs of Rome, but rejected by
the African Bishops, 428; decree passed
at it respecting the suffering of one
upon the cross, ibid. the third council
at, called here by Constantine Capro-
nymus, condemns the practice of image
worship, but its decision is found insuf-
ficient to stop the progress of this super
stition, 519; the city taken in xv cent.
and the great decline of Christianity in -
the East, ii. 509.

Constantinople, Patriarch of, his jurisdic-

tion in iv cent. i. 271; is placed next to
the Bishop of Rome, and consequences
of this promotion, ibid. 275; contends
with the Pope for supremacy in v cent.
346; his power augmented by Leo in
vii cent. 502; disputes about pre-emi-
nence in ix cent. ii. 57; by whom elect.
ed in modern times, iii. 183; confirmed
in his office by the Emperor of the
Turks, ibid. his extensive power and
revenues, whence, 183, 184 and s, t.

Constantius declared sol Emperor on the
death of his brothers, i. 255; his death
and successor, ibid.

- Chlorus, his mild government
in Gaul, i. 247; Christians in the West
enjoy peace under him, 248; is suc-
ceeded upon his death, by Constantine
the Great, his son, ibid.
Consubstantiation, when introduced in-
stead of Transubstantiation, and by
whom, ii. 415.

Controversial writers, employed in explain-
ing the terms of salvation and accept-
ance in i cent. i. 103; their merit and
demerit in ii cent. 154; called Econo-
mical, and whence, 221; suppositious
and spurious writings frequent among
them, ib. scurrility and dialectic much
used by them in iv cent. 286; and the
chief at this time, 287; very considera-
ble in v cent. 361; the rules of the an-
cient Sophists esteemed by them as the
best method of confuting error, 362;
their works destitute of probity, mode-
ration, and prudence, in vi cent. 424;
how far they may be considered as
worthy of an attentive perusal in vii
cent. 462; few engaged in essential
points of religion in viii cent. but con-
fined to the disputes about image wor-
ship, 515, 516; prevented in ix cent. by
intestine divisions from opposing the
common enemies of their faith, ii. 43;
scholastic method of disputing intro-
duced among them in ix cent. 202; and
flourishes in xii cent. 297; more nume-
rous than respectable in xiii cent. 412;
few worthy of notice in xiv cent. 493;
many eminent among them in xv cent.
559.

Controversies, private, in xvi cent. iv. 55,
56, and x.

Controversy, concerning the Millennium,
i. 222; the baptism of Heretics, 223;
Meletian, 295; Ærian, 297; between
Jerome and Vigilantius, 366, 367; con-
cerning the three chapters, what, and
how terminated, 425, 426; relative to
image worship, with its origin and pro-
gress in viii cent. 516, 521; about the
derivation of the Holy Ghost, 521, ii.
48; concerning images, among the
Greeks, 44; and among the Latins in ix
cent. 46; the Eucharist, began by Pas-
casius Radbert, 49; and predestination
and grace, 52; the words Trina Deitas,
55; the birth of Christ, ibid. universal
ideas begun in x cent. 90; the Eucha-
rist, and predestination, and grace, sub-
sides, and the reason, 106; fourth mar-
riages, with the divisions occasioned by
it in the Greek churches, but terminated
by Constantine Porphyrogeneta, 111,
112; about the use of unleavened bread
in xi cent. 204; relative to Martial, Bi-
shop of Limoges, if worthy of an apostle-
ship, 214; to the God of Mahomet, 300;

to the immaculate conception of the Vir-
gin Mary, 302 and h; concerning the
worship of Christ's blood, 561; the
presence of Christ's body and blood,
in the sacrament, between the Reform-
ers in xvi cent. iii. 49, 50; the use of
reason in religion, in xvii cent. iv. 120;
and reducible to two questions, ibid. by
whom this was opposed, and how miti-
gated, ibid.

Controversy, adiaphoristic, or about mat-
ters indifferent, between Melancthon
and Flacius, xvi cent. iii. 240 and 8;
the two questions discussed gave rise
to the dispute about the necessity of
good works, 241 and notes.

synergistical, iii. 242 and a;
principal champions in it, 243.
Conventual, brethren, who, ii. 483.
Conversions, in iv cent. the causes of, con-
sidered, i. 264; in v cent. to what
owing, i. 337; in ix cent. the nature
of, the views, ii. 6; traces of idolatry
among the converted, accounted for,
ibid.

Conversion of Jews, and Moors in Spain,
in xv cent. by force, ii. 507.
Copiate, their office in the church, i. 201
and t, in fine.

Copts, in Africa, their aversion to the
church of Rome, in xvii cent. iii. 560.
Corbinian, a zealous missionary among
the Germans, in vii cent. i. 460.
Cordt, Christian Bartholomew de, a pa-
tron of Bourignon's doctrine, and ac-
count of, iv. 180.

Cornelius, Anthony, one of the founders

of the collegiants, an account of, iv.
174.

Corrupticolæ, who, i. 436: their opinions,
concerning Christ's body, 437.
Cortesius, Paulus, his Commentary on
Proverbs, ii. 558.

Cosmus, Bishop of Jerusalem, his charac-
ter, i. 506.

Council, general, one very much desired,
in xvi cent. ii. 77; why retarded by
Pope Clement VII. ibid. and i; who
eludes his promises, and dies, ibid. and
k; his successor, Paul, III. inclined to
call one, proposes to assemble it at
Mantua, and why protested against by
the protestants, who draw up the arti-
cles of Smalcald, 78 and 1, m.
Councils, if any in i cent. i. 92; whether

that of Jerusalem was one, ibid. and m;
their origin among the Greeks, i. 146;
soon become universal, ibid. increase
the power of the bishops, ibid.

œcumenical, when first esta-
blished, i. 269; what so called, ibid.
their power diminished by Alexander
III. Pope, ii. 270.

Courayer, Dr. remarkable anecdote con-
cerning him, and good character, iv.
220.

Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, an
account of, iii. 319.
Crautwauld, Valentine, assists Sewen-
feldt, against Luther, ii. 233.
Crellius, minister at the Saxon court, pro-
tects the Crypto-Calvinists, in xvi cent.
iii. 258; suffers death, 259 and m.

Samuel, professor of Theology,
among the Socinians, differs from Soci-
nus, and whence called the Artemonite,
iv. 173, u; dies at Amsterdam, iv. 210.
Crescens, his virulent efforts against Chris-
tianity, and particularly against Justin
Martyr, i. 135.

Cromwell, state of the church under him,
in xvii cent. iv. 105; attached to no
particular sect, 106; favours the inde-
pendents in order to balance the Pres-
byterians, ibid. and t; tolerates all
sects but Episcopalians, ibid, resolves at
first to suppress the Quakers, but after-
ward is obliged to desist, 149.

Cross, if one of the Trinity can be said to
have suffered on it, debated, i. 428;
how made a proof of innocence in ix
cent. ii. 24 and i.

Crown and rosary of the Virgin, an insti-
tution in x cent. ii. 114; and what,
ibid.

Crump, Henry, atttacks the mendicants
in xiv cent. ii. 467.

Crusades, holy wars. See War, holy, ii.
82, &c.

Cuiper, Francis, opposes Brendenberg's
sentiments in favour of Spinoza's doc-
trine, and controversy thereupon, iv.
176; his writings, and an account of,
ibid. sub not. z.

Cusa, Nicholas de, his works, iii. 1430 and
q; labours to reform the schoolmen in
XV cent. 441.

Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, opposes the
readmission of the lapsed in the perse-
cution under Decius, and gains his-
point, i. 198; suffers martyrdom under
Valerian, 199; a character of his works,
213; opposes the imperious measures
of Stephen, Bishop of Rome, 224.
Cyriac, of Ancona, introduces a taste for
coins in xv eent. ii. 513.

Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem, his character
and works, i. 277; admired for his cate-
chetical discourses, 285.

-, Bishop of Alexandria, his charac-
ter, i. 354, g; Commentaries on the
Scriptures, 359 and d; anathematizes
Nestorius twelve times, 378; presides
at the council of Ephesus, 379; con-
demns Nestorius, ibid. how blameable
in the Nestorian controversy, 380 and
p; anathematized at Ephesus by John
of Antioch, 381.

Patriarch of Constantinople, his
character, iii. 553; favourable to Rome
in xvii cent. ibid. and f; is put to
death, 554.