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Rites) it is stated that, “For the purposes of education, among the ancients, villages had their schools; districts their academies; departments their colleges; and the provinces (or principalities) their universities."

According to the Book of Rites, the literary chancellor provides the inhabitants of the village with the means of education in three distinct departments; and in order to give instruction to all the people, those who are the most worthy are honored and promoted. The first department includes the six virtues, wisdom, benevolence, prudence, justice, faithfulness, and gentleness; the second embraces the six actions, filial obedience, fraternal kindness, kindred attachment, relative affection, true friendship, and tender compassion; the third comprehends the six arts, viz: the ceremonies, music, archery, directing the chariot, writing, and arithmetic. In like manner, by villages, he regulates all the people by enforcing the eight kinds of punishment; the first, for disobedience to parents; second, for abandoning kindred; third, for hatred of relatives; fourth, for the want of fraternal affection; fifth, for breach of friendship; sixth, for not exercising compassion; seventh, for tale-bearing; and eighth, for exciting rebellion.

The royal statutes, contained in the Book of Rites, require the directors of learning to promote the four fine arts, namely, poetry, history, ceremonies, and music; and to establish four terms in which they shall be respectively taught therein following the example of the ancient kings for training up literary men. Ceremonies and music should be taught during spring and autumn; and poetry and history in the summer and winter.

Commence in poetry. Be established in ceremonies. Become complete in music.

Ceremonies and music can never for a moment be laid

aside.

RULES OF ETIQUETTE.*

In the Domestic Rules it is said, "Men in serving their parents, at the first cock-crowing must all wash their hands; rinse their mouth; comb their hair; bind it together with a net; fasten it with a bodkin; forming it into a tuft; brush off the dust; put on the hat, tying the strings, ornamented with tassels; also the waistcoat, frock and girdle, with the note-sticks placed in it, and the indispensables attached on the right and left ; bind on the greaves; and put on the shoes, tying up the strings. Wives must serve their husband's father and mother as their own; at the first cock-crowing they must wash their hands; rinse their mouth; comb their hair; bind it to

[From the Siau Hok, or Juvenile Instructor.]

There are many treatises for the guidance of teachers and parents in the nurture of children and youth. The principal of these is the Siau Hok, which has exerted a powerful influence in forming and stereotyping the character of this most wonderful people. In perusing the selections which we give, the reader will perceive the source from which the Chinese derive their notions of order and industry, and will understand how it comes about that the Chinese lads employed amongst us as servants so soon make themselves useful in the house; being generally neat, orderly, respectful, and industrious.

We quote from the Chinese Repository, Vol. V.

gether with a net; fasten it with a bodkin, forming it into a tuft; put on their frocks and girdles, with the indispensables attached on the right and left; fasten on their bags of perfumery; put on and tie up their shoes. Then go to the chamber of their father and mother, and fatherin-law and mother-in-law, and having entered, in a low and placid tone they must inquire whether their dress is too warm or too cool; if the parents have pain or itching, themselves must respectfully press or rub (the part affected); and if they enter or leave the room, themselves either going before or following, must respectfully support them. In bringing the apparatus for washing, the younger must present the bowl; the elder the water, begging them to pour it out and wash; and after they have washed, hand to them the towel. In asking and respectfully presenting what they wish to eat, they must cheer them by their mild manner; and must wait till their father and mother, and father-in-law and mother-in-law, have eaten, and then retire. Boys and girls, who have not arrived at the age of manhood and womanhood, at the first cock-crowing must wash their hands; rinse their mouth; comb their hair; bind it together with a net, and form it into a tuft; brush off-the dust; tie on their bags, having them well supplied with perfumery: then hasten at early dawn to see their parents, and inquire if they have eaten and drunk; if they have, they must immediately retire; but if not, they must assist their superiors in seeing that everything is duly made ready.

"All the domestics, both male and female, at the first cock-crowing, must wash their hands; rinse their mouth; and dress; collect the pillows and mats; sprinkle with water, and sweep the inner and outer apartments, and

the outer court; and arrange the seats: each and all attending to their appropriate duties.

"When their father and mother, or father-in-law and mother-in-law, wish to sit down, the children must respectfully offer them a seat, and inquire which way it shall face; when they wish to sleep, the elder children must bring them a couch, and ask in what direction they shall place it. (When the parents arise, after sleeping) the younger must offer them an easy chair to sit upon; and the domestics, after bringing them a couch on which they may recline, must gather up the bed and mat; hang up the clothes; put up the pillows in a bamboo case; and rolling up the mat, put it into a cloth bag. But the clothes, mats, beds, pillows, and couch of the father and mother, and father-in-law and mother-in-law, must not be removed from their proper place. The parents' staff and shoes must be treated with respect, and not rudely handled; their vessels for rice, water, and wine, unless emptied, must not be used (by the children); nor ever may they presume to eat or to drink, except of that which is left by their parents."

The Book of Odes says, "Dutiful children, who possess strong natural affection, will have a mild temper; and possessing a mild temper, their countenance will be pleasant; and possessing a pleasant countenance, their manners will be complaisant. The dutiful child will be most careful and most attentive, like a person holding a gem or bearing a full vessel, who is afraid of dropping the one or oversetting the other. A lofty demeanor and stern gravity are not required in serving parents."

In the Illustrations of Duties are the following maxims: "It is the duty of every son, in winter to warm, and

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