tion is more frequently placed after the Verb, and separate from it, like an Adverb; in which situation it is no less. apt to affect the sense of it, and to give it a new meaning; and may still be considered as belonging to the Verb, and as a part of it. As, to cast, is to throw; but to cast up, or to compute, an account, is quite a different thing: thus, to fall on, to bear out, to give over; &c. So that the meaning of the Verb, and the propriety of the phrase, depend on the Preposition subjoined*.

As

"You

*Examples of impropriety in the use of the Preposition, in phrases of this kind: "Your character, which I, or any other writer, inay now value ourselves by [upon] drawing."-Swift, Letter on the English Tongue. have bestowed your favours to [upon] the most deserving persons."—Ibid. "Upon such occasions as fell into [under] their cognizance."-Swift, Contests and Dissentions, &c. Chap. iii. "That variety of factions into [in]. which we are still engaged."-"bid. `Chap. v. "To restore myself into [to] the good graces of my fair Critice."--Dryden, Pref. to Aureng. the ministers for [of] betraying the Dutch."--Swift, Four last Years of the Queen, Book ii. "Ovid, whom you arcuse for [of] luxuriancy of verse."— Dryden, on Dram. Poesy. "The people of England may congratulate to themselves, that--Dryden. "Something like this has been reproached to "He was made Tacitus."-Bolingbroke, on History, Vol. I. p. 136.

"Accused

much on [of] at Argos." "He is so resolved of [on] going to the Persian Court."-Bentley, Dissert. on Themistocks's Epistles, Sect. iii. "Neither the one nor the other shall make me swerve out of [from] the path which I have traced to myself."-Bolingbroke, Letter to Wyndham, p. 252.

"And Virgins smil'd at what they blush'd before:"

་་ at what they blush'd [at."]-Pope, Essay on Crit. "They are now reconciled by a zeal for their cause to what they could not be prompted to [by] a concern for their beauty."-Addison, Spect. N° 81. If policy can prevail pon [over] force."-Addison, Travels, p. C2. "I do likewise dissent with "[from] the Examiner.”—Addison, Whig-Exam. N° 1. "Ye blind guides, which strain at a gnat, and swallow a camel."-Matt. xxiii. 24. diudicolis,. which strain out, or take a gnat out of the liquor by straining it: the impropriety of the Preposition has wholly destroyed the meaning of the phrase. "No discouragement for the authors to proceed."-Tale of a Tub, Preface. "A strict observance after times and fashions."--Ibid. Sect. ii. "Which. had a much greater share of inciting him, than any regards after his father's. commands."-Ibid. Sect. vi. "Not from any personal hatred to them, but

As the Preposition subjoined to the Verb hath the construction and nature of an Adverb, so the Adverbs, here; there, where, with a Preposition subjoined, as, hereof, there with, whereupon*, have the construction and nature of Pro

nouns.

The Prepositions to and for are often understood, chiefly before the Pronoun; as, "give me the Book; get me some paper;" that is, to me, for me.

The Preposition in, or on, is often understood before Nouns expressing Time: as, "this day; next month; last year:" that is, "on this day;"" in next month;"" in last year."

In Poetry, the common Order of words is frequently inverted, in all ways in which it may be done without ambiguity or obscurity.

in justification to [of] the best of Queens."-Swift, Examiner, N° 23. In the last example, the Verb being Transitive, and requiring the Objective Case, the Noun formed from it seems to require the Possessive Case, or its Preposition after it. Or perhaps he meant to say, "in justice to the best of Queens." Observe also, that the Noun generally requires after it the same reposition, as the Verb from which it is formed. "It was perfectly in compliance to [with] some persons, for whose opinion I have great deference."--Swift, Pref. to Temple's Memoirs. "The wisest Princes need not think it any diminution to [of] their greatness, or derogation to [from] their sufficiency, to rely upon counsel."-Bacon, Essay xx. So the Noun aversion, (that is, a turning away), as likewise the Adjective averse, seems to require the Preposition from after it; and not so properly to admit of to or for, which are often used with it. * These are much disused in common discourse, and are retained only in the Solemn, or Formulary style. They [our Authors] have of late, 'tis true, reformed in some measure the gouty joints and darning-work of whereuntos, wherebys, thereofs, therewiths, and the rest of this kind; by which complicated periods are so curiously strung, or hooked on, one to another, after the long-spun manner of the bar or pulpit."-Lord Shaftesbury, Miscel. V. "Fra sche thir wordis had say'd."-Gawin Douglas, Æn. x. "Thir wikket schrewis."-Ibid.

66

En. xii.

That is, "these words;" "these wicked shrews." Theyr, these, or those, masculine; thaer, these, or those, feminine, Islandick. Hence, perhaps, thereof, therewith, &c. of, with, them; and so, by analogy, the rest of this class of words.

Two

Two or more Simple Sentences, joined together by one or more CONNECTIVE WORDS, become a compounded Sentence.

There are two sorts of words, which connect Sentences: 1. Relatives; 2. Conjunctions.

Examples: 1. Blessed is the man, who feareth the Lord." 2. "Life is short, and art is long." 1. and 2. "Blessed is the man, who feareth the Lord, and keepeth his commandments."

The RELATIVES, who, which, that, having no variation of gender or number, cannot but agree with their Autecedents. Who is appropriated to persons; and so may be accounted Masculine and Feminine only: we apply which now to things only; and to Irrational Animals, excluding them from Personality, without any consideration of Sex: which therefore may be accounted Neuter. But formerly they were both indifferently used of persons: "Our Father, which art in heaven." That is used indifferently both of persons and things: but it would better become the solemn. style to restrain it more to the latter, than is usually done. What includes both the Antecedent and the Relative: as, "This was what he wanted;" that is, "the thing which he wanted."

The Relative is the Nominative Case to the Verb, when no other Nominative comes between it and the Verb: but when another Nominative comes between it and the Verb, the Relative is governed by some word in its own member of the Sentence: as, "the God, who preserveth me ; whose I am, and whom I serve;" because in the different members of the sentence the Relative performs a different office: in the first member it represents the Agent; in the second, the Possessor; in the third, the object of an action: and therefore must be in the different Cases corresponding to those offices.

Every Relative must have an Antecedent to which it re

fers,

fers, either expressed, or understood: as, "Who steals my purse, steals trash;" that is, "the man, who—”

The Relative is of the same person with the Antecedent : and the Verb agrees with it accordingly: as, "Who is this, that cometh from Edom; this, that is glorious in his apparel? I, that speak in righteousness."-Isaiah, lxiii. 1. "O Shepherd of Israel; Thou, that leadest Joseph like a flock; Thou, that dwellest between the Cherubins."-Psal. lxxx. 1*.

When this, that, these, those, refer to a preceding Sentence; this, or these, refers to the latter member or term; that, or those, to the former; as,

Self-love, the spring of motion, acts the soul;
Reason's comparing balance rules the whole;
Man, but for that, no action could attend ;
And, but for this, were active to no end."

Pope, Essay on Man.
"Some place the bliss in action, some in case:
Those call it pleasure, and contentment these."

Ibid.

*I am the Lord, that maketh all things; that stretcheth forth the heavens alone.-Isaiah, xli v. 24. Thus far is right: the Lord in the Third Person is the Antecedent, and the Verb agrees with the Relative in the third Person: "I am the Lord, which Lord, or He that, maketh all things." It would have been equally right if I had been made the Antecedent, and the Relative and the Verb had agreed with it in the First Person: "I am the Lord, that made all things." But when it follows, "that spreadeth abroad the earth by myself;" there arises a confusion of Persons, and a manifest Solecism.

"Thou great first Cause, least understood;

Who all my sense confin'd

To know but this, that Thou art good,

And that myself am blind:

Yet gave me in this dark estate, &c."

Pope, Universal Prayer.

It ought to be, confinedst, or didst confine; gavest, or didst give; &c. in

the second Person.

The

The Relative is often understood, or omitted: as, "The man I love;" that is, whom I love".

The accuracy and clearness of the sentence depend very much upon the proper and determinate use of the Relative: so that it may readily present its Antecedent to the mind of the hearer, or reader, without any obscurity or ambiguity. The same may be observed of the Pronoun and the Noun; which by some are called also the Relative and the Antecedent.

CONJUNCTIONS have sometimes a Government of Modes. Some Conjunctions require the Indicative, some the Subjunctive Mode, after them: others have no influence at all on the Mode.

Hypothetical, Conditional, Concessive, and Exceptive Conjunctions, seem in general to require the Subjunctive Mode after them: as, if, though, unless, except, whether, or, &c. but by use they often admit of the Indicative; and in some cases with propriety. Examples: "If thou

"Abuse on all he lov'd, or lov'd him, spread."

Pope, Epist. to Arbuthnot. That is, "all whom he lov'd, or who lov'd him:" or, to make it more ea sy by supplying a Relative that has no variation of Cases, "all that he lov'd, or that lov'd him." The Construction is hazardous, and hardly justifiable, in Poetry." In the temper of mind he was then.”—Addison, Spect. N° 549. "In the posture I lay."-Swift, Gulliver, Part I. Chap. f. In these and the like phrases, which are very common, there is an Ellipsis both of the Relative and the Preposition; which would have been much better supplied: "In the temper of mind in which he then was." "In the posture in which I lay." "The little satisfaction and consistency [which] is to be found in most of the systems of Divinity [which] I have met with, made me betake myself to the sole reading of the Scripture (to which they all appeal) for the understanding [of] the Christian Religion."-Locke, Pref. to Reasonableness of Christianity. In the following example the antecedent is omitted: " He desired they might go to the author together, and jointly return their thanks to whom only it was due."—Addison, Freeholder, N° 49. In general, the omission of the Relative seems to be too much indulged in the familiar style; it is ungraceful in the solemn; and, of whatever kind the style be, it is apt to be attended with obscurity and ambiguity.

VOL. I.

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be