PAGE 267 founder of Positivism. This system of thought attempts to base religion on the verifiable facts of existence, opposes devotion to the study of metaphysics, and substitutes the worship of Humanity for supernatural religion. 4. Richard Congreve (1818-99) resigned a fellowship at Oxford in 1855, and devoted the remainder of his life to the propagation of the Positive philosophy. 1. Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832), philosopher and jurist, was leader of the English school of Utilitarianism, which recognizes "the greatest happiness of the greatest number " as the proper foundation of morality and legislation. 2. Ludwig Preller (1809–61), German philologist and antiquarian. 268 1. Book of Job. Arnold must have read Franklin's piece hastily, since he has mistaken a bit of ironic trifling for a serious attempt to rewrite the Scriptures. The Proposed New Version of the Bible is merely a bit of amusing burlesque in which six verses of the Book of Job are rewritten in the style of modern politics. According to Mr. William Temple Franklin the Bagatelles, of which the Proposed New Version is a part, were "chiefly written by Dr. Franklin for the amusement of his intimate society in London and Paris.” See Franklin's Complete Works, ed. 1844, 11, 164. 269 271 271 2. The Deontology, or The Science of Morality, was arranged and edited by John Bowring, in 1834, two years after Bentham's death, and it is doubtful how far it represents Bentham's thoughts. 3. Henry Thomas Buckle (1821-62) was the author of the History of Civilization in England, a book which, though full of inaccuracies, has had a great influence on the theory and method of historical writing. 4. Mr. Mill. See Marcus Aurelius, Selections, Note 2, p. 145. 1. The article from which Arnold quotes these extracts is not Frederic Harrison's Culture: A Dialogue, but an earlier essay in the Fortnightly Review for March 1, 1867, called Our Venetian Constitution. See pages 276-77 of the article. 1. Peter Abelard (1079-1142) was a scholastic philosopher and a leader in the more liberal thought of his day. 2. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-81), German critic and dramatist. His best-known writings are the epochmaking critical work, Laokoön (1766), and the drama Minna von Barnhelm (1767). His ideas were in the highest degree stimulating and fruitful to the German writers who followed him. 3. Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803), a voluminous and influential German writer, was a pioneer of the Romantic Movement. He championed adherence to the national type in literature, and helped to found the historical method in literature and science. 1. Confessions of St. Augustine, XIII, 18, 22, Everyman's Library ed., p. 326. PAGE 273 274 275 277 HEBRAISM AND HELLENISM 66 1. The present selection comprises chapter IV, of Culture and Anarchy. In the preceding chapter Arnold has been pointing out the imperfection of the various classes of English society, which he describes as "Barbarians, Philistines, and Populace." For the correction of this imperfection he pleads for some public recognition and establishment of our best self, or right reason. ." In chapter III, he has shown how" our habits and practice oppose themselves to such a recognition." He now proposes to find, “beneath our actual habits and practice, the very ground and cause out of which they spring." Then follows the selection here given. Professor Gates has pointed out the fact that Arnold probably borrows the terms here contrasted from Heine. În Über Ludwig Börne (Werke, ed. Stuttgart, x, 12), Heire says: "All men are either Jews or Hellenes, men ascetic in their instincts, hostile to culture, spiritual fanatics, or men of vigorous good cheer, full of the pride of life, Naturalists." For Heine's own relation to Hebraism and Hellenism, see the present selection, p. 275. 2. See Sweetness and Light, Selections, Note 1, p. 244. Maxim 452 reads: "Two things a Christian will never do never go against the best light he has, this will prove his sincerity. and, 2, to take care that his light be not darkness, i.e., that he mistake not his rule by which he ought to go. I. 2 Pet. I, 4. 2. Frederick William Robertson (1816-53) began his famous ministry at Brighton in 1847. He was a man of deep spirituality and great sincerity. The latter part of his life was clouded by opposition roused by his sympathy with the revolutionary ideas of the 1848 epoch and by the mental trouble which eventually resulted in his death. The sermon referred to seems to be the first Advent Lecture on The Greek. Arnold objects to Robertson's rather facile summarizing. Four characteristics are mentioned as marking Grecian life and religion: restlessness, worldliness, worship of the beautiful, and worship of the human. The second of these has three results, disappointment, degradation, disbelief in immortality. 1. Heinrich Heine. See Heine, Selections, pp. 112–144. 2. Prov. XXIX, 18. 3. Ps. CXII, 1. 1. Rom. III, 31. 2. Zech. ix, 13. 3. Prov. XVI, 22. 4. John 1, 4-9; 8-12; Luke 11, 32, etc. 5. John VIII, 32. 6. Nichomachean Ethics, bk. II, chap. III. PAGE 278 279 8. Discourses of Epictetus, bk. II, chap. XIX, trans. Long, 1, 214 ff. 1. Learning to die. Arnold seems to be thinking of Phado, 64, Dialogues, II, 202: "For I deem that the true votary of philosophy is likely to be misunderstood by other men; they do not perceive that he is always pursuing death and dying; and if this be so, and he has had the desire of death all his life long, why when his time comes should he repine at that which he has been always pursuing and desiring?" Plato goes on to show that life is best when it is most freed from the concerns of the body. Cf. also Phædrus (Dialogues, II, 127) and Gorgias (Dialogues, 11, 369). IX. 2. 2 Cor. v, 14. 3. See Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, bk. x, chaps. VIII, 4. Phædo, 82D, Dialogues, 1, 226. 1. Xenophon's Memorabilia, bk. IV, chap. VIII, § 6. 280 1. Edward Bouverie Pusey (1800-82), English divine and leader of the High Church party in the Oxford Movement. 1. Zech. VIII, 23. 281 282 283 284 2. my Saviour banished joy. The sentence is an incorrect quotation from George Herbert's The Size, the fifth stanza of which begins: "Thy Savior sentenced joy, And in the flesh condemn'd it as unfit,- 3. Eph. v, 6. 1. The first two books. [Arnold.] 2. See Rom. III, 2. 3. See Coг. III, 19. 1. Phædo. In this dialogue Plato attempts to substantiate the doctrine of immortality by narrating the last hours of Socrates and his conversation on this subject when his own death was at hand. 1. Renascence. I have ventured to give to the foreign word Renaissance - destined to become of more common use amongst us as the movement which it denotes comes, as it will come, increasingly to interest us,—an English form. [Arnold.] EQUALITY 289 1. This essay, originally an address delivered at the Royal Institution, was published in the Fortnightly Review, for March, 1878, and reprinted in Mixed Essays, 1879. In the present selection the opening pages have been omitted. Arnold begins with a statement of England's tendency to maintain a condition of inequality between classes. This is reinforced by the English freedom of bequest, a freedom greater than in most of the Continental countries. The question of the advisability of altering the English law of bequest PAGE 290 is a matter not of abstract right, but of expediency. That the maintenance of inequality is expedient for English civilization and welfare is generally assumed. Whether or not this assumption is well founded, Arnold proposes to examine in the concluding pages. As a preliminary step he defines civilization as the humanization of man in society. Then follows the selected passage. 2. Isocrates. An Attic orator (436-338 B.C.). He was an ardent advocate of Greek unity. The passage quoted occurs in the Panegyricus, § 50, Orations, ed. 1894, p. 67. 1. Giacomo Antonelli (1806-76), Italian cardinal. From 1850 until his death his activity was chiefly devoted to the struggle between the Papacy and the Italian Risorgimento. 291 1. famous passage. The Introduction to his Age of Louis XIV. 293 1. Laveleye. See George Sand, Selections, Note 2, p. 212. 294 2. Sir Thomas Erskine May, Lord Farnborough (181586), constitutional jurist. Arnold in the omitted portion of the present essay has quoted several sentences from his History of Democracy:“France has aimed at social equality. The fearful troubles through which she has passed have checked her prosperity, demoralised her society, and arrested the intellectual growth of her people. Yet is she high, if not the first, in the scale of civilised nations." 3. Hamerton. See George Sand, Selections, Note 2, p. 215. The quotation is from Round My House, chap. xi, ed. 1876, pp. 229-30. 1. Charles Sumner (1811-74), American statesman, was the most brilliant and uncompromising of the anti-slavery leaders. 295 1. Alsace. The people of Alsace, though German in origin, showed a very strong feeling against Prussian rule in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. In September, 1872, 45,000 elected to be still French and transferred their domicile to France. 296 1. Michelet. See George Sand, Selections, Note 1, p. 195. 298 1. The chorus of a popular music-hall song of the time. From it was derived the word jingoism. For the original application of this term see Webster's Dictionary. 299 301 2. Dwight L. Moody (1837-99) and Ira D. Sankey (18401908), the famous American evangelists, held notable revival meetings in England in 1873-75. 1. See, e.g., Heine, Selections, p. 129. 2. Goldwin Smith. See Note 2, p. 301. 1. See Milton's Colasterion, Works, ed. 1843, 11, 445 and 452. 2. Goldwin Smith (1824-1910), British publicist and historian, has taken an active part in educational questions both in England and America. The passage quoted below is from an article entitled Falkland and the Puritans, published in the Contemporary Review as a reply to Arnold's PAGE 303 304 305 207 310 312 essay on Falkland. See Lectures and Essays, New York, 1881. 3. John Hutchinson (1616-64), Puritan soldier. The Memoirs of the Life of Colonel Hutchinson, written by his wife Lucy, but not published until 1806, are remarkable both for the picture which they give of the man and the time, and also for their simple beauty of style. For the passage quoted see Everyman's Library ed., pp. 182–83. 4. pædobaptism. Infant baptism. 1. Man disquiets himself, but God manages the matter. For Bossuet see The Function of Criticism, Selections, Note 2, p. 49. 2. Prov. XIX, 21. 3. So in the original. [Arnold.] 1. Bright. See Sweetness and Light, Selections, Note 1, p. 248. 2. Richard Cobden (1804-65), English manufacturer and Radical politician. He was a leader in the agitation for repeal of the Corn Laws and in advocacy of free trade. 1. Prov. XIV, 6. 2. Compare Culture and Anarchy, chaps. II and III, and Ecce Convertimur ad Gentes, Irish Essays, ed. 1903, p. 115. 1. Samuel Pepys (1633-1703), English diarist. 1. young lion. See Sweetness and Light, Selections, Note 1, p. 261. 1. Mill. See Marcus Aurelius, Selections, Note 2, p. 145. 2. Spencer Compton Cavendish (1833-1908), Marquis of Hartington (since 1891 Duke of Devonshire), became Liberal leader in the House of Commons after the defeat and withdrawal of Gladstone in January, 1875. 313 1. Menander. See Contribution of the Celts, Selections, Note 3, p. 177. |