PAGE 197 4. Lettres d'un Voyageur, Mauprat, François le Champi. Published in 1830-36, 1836, and 1848. 5. F. W. H. Myers (1843-1901), poet and essayist. See his Essays, Modern, ed. 1883, pp. 70-103. 1. Valvèdre. Published in 1861. 2. Werther. See The Contribution of the Celts, Selections, Note 1, p. 182. 3. Corinne. An esthetic romance (1807) by Mme. de Staël. 4. Valentine (1832), George Sand's second novel, pointed out the dangers and pains of an ill-assorted marriage." Lélia (1833) was a still more outspoken diatribe against society and the marriage law. 199 1. From Lélia, chap. LXVII. 200 2. Jacques (1834), the hero of which is George Sand in man's disguise, sets forth the author's doctrine of free love. 3. From Jacques, letter 95. 1. From Lettres d'un Voyageur, letter 9. 2. Ibid., à Rollinat, September, 1834. 203 1. Hans Holbein, the younger (1497-1543), German artist. 205 1. From La Mare au Diable, chap. 1. 206 207 208 2. Ibid., The Author to the Reader. 1. Ibid., chap. I. 1. Ibid., chap. I. 1. From Impressions et Souvenirs, ed. 1873, p. 135. 3. From Wordsworth's Lines Composed a few Miles above 211 212 213 214 1. See The Function of Criticism, Selections, p. 29. 2. Émile Zola (1840-1902), French novelist, was the apostle of the" realistic or "naturalistic" school. L'Assommoir (1877) depicts especially the vice of drunkenness. 1. From Journal d'un Voyageur, February 10, 1871, p. 305. 2. Émile Louis Victor de Laveleye (1822-92), Belgian economist. He was especially interested in bimetallism, primitive property, and nationalism. 1. From Journal d'un Voyageur, December 21, 1870, p. 202. 1. Ibid., December 21, 1870, p. 220. 215 1. Ibid., February 7, 1871, p. 228. 2. Round my House: Notes of Rural Life in France in Peace and War (1876), by Philip Gilbert Hamerton. See especially chapters XI and XII. 3. Barbarians, Philistines, Populace. Arnold's designations for the aristocratic, middle, and lower classes of England in Culture and Anarchy. PAGE 216 217 218 219 221 1. Paul Amand Challemel-Lacour (1827-96), statesman and man of letters. French 2. See The Function of Criticism, Selections, Note 4, p. 44. 3. From Journal d'un Voyageur, February 10, 1871, p. 309. 1. The closing sentence of the Nicene Creed with expecto changed to exspectat. For the English translation see Morning Prayer in the Episcopal Prayer Book; for the Greek and Latin see Schaff, Creeds of Christendom, 11, 58, 59. WORDSWORTH 1. Published in Macmillan's Magazine, July, 1879, vol. XL; as Preface to The Poems of Wordsworth, chosen and edited by Arnold in 1879; and in Essays in Criticism, Second Series, 1888. 1. Rydal Mount. Wordsworth's home in the Lake District from 1813 until his death in 1850. 2. 1842. The year of publication of the two-volume edition of Tennyson's poems, containing Locksley Hall, Ulysses, etc. I. candid friend. Arnold himself. 222 1. The Biographie Universelle, ou Dictionnaire historique of F. X. de Feller (1735-1802) was originally published in 1781. 2. Henry Cochin. A brilliant lawyer and writer of Paris, 1687-1747. 223 1. Amphictyonic Court. An association of Ancient Greek communities centering in a shrine. 224 1. Gottlieb Friedrich Klopstock (1724-1803) was author of Der Messias. 2. Lessing. See Sweetness and Light, Selections, Note 2, p. 271. 3. Johann Ludwig Uhland (1787-1862), romantic lyric poet. 4. Friedrich Rückert (1788-1866) was the author of Liebesfrühling and other poems. 5. Heine. See Heinrich Heine, Selections, pp. 112–144. 6. The greatest poems of Vicenzo da Filicaja (1642-1707) are six odes inspired by the victory of Sobieski. 7. Vittorio, Count Alfieri (1749-1803), Italian dramatist. His best-known drama is his Saul. 8. Manzoni (1785-1873) was a poet and novelist, author of I Promessi Sposi. 9. Giacomo, Count Leopardi (1798–1837), Italian poet. His writings are characterized by deep-seated melancholy. 10. Jean Racine (1639-99), tragic dramatist. II. Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux (1636-1711), poet and critic. 12. André de Chénier (1762–94), poet, author of Jeune Captive, etc. PAGE 13. Pierre Jean de Béranger (1780-1857), song-writer. 14. Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine (17901869), poet, historian, and statesman. 15. Louis Charles Alfred de Musset (1810-57), poet, play-writer, and novelist. 228 1. From The Recluse, 1. 754. 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 242 1. Paradise Lost, 11, 553–54. 1. The Tempest, IV, i, 156–58. 2. criticism of life. See The Study of Poetry, Selections, Note 1, p. 57. 1. Discourses of Epictetus, trans. Long, 1903, vol. 1, book II, chap. XXIII, p. 248. 1. Théophile Gautier. A noted French poet, critic, and novelist, and a leader of the French Romantic Movement (1811-72). 2. The Recluse, 11. 767–71. 3. Eneid, vi, 662. 1. Leslie Stephen. English biographer and literary critic (1832-1904). He was the first editor of the Dictionary of National Biography. Arnold quotes from the essay on Wordsworth's Ethics in Hours in a Library (1874-79), vol. III. 2. Excursion, iv, 73–76. 1. Ibid., II, 10-17. 2. Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood. 1. Excursion, ix, 293–302. I. See p. 232. 1. the "not ourselves." Arnold quotes his own definition of God as "the enduring power, not ourselves, which makes for righteousness.' "See Literature and Dogma, chap. I. 2. The opening sentence of a famous criticism of the Excursion published in the Edinburgh Review for November, 1814, no. 47. It was written by Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey (1773-1850), Scottish judge and literary critic, and first editor of the Edinburgh Review. 1. Macbeth, III, ii. 2. Paradise Lost, VII, 23-24. 3. The Recluse, 1. 831. 1. From Burns's A Bard's Epitaph. 1. The correct title is The Solitary Reaper. SWEETNESS AND LIGHT 1. This selection is the first chapter of Culture and Anarchy. It originally formed a part of the last lecture delivered by Arnold as Professor of Poetry at Oxford. Culture and Anarchy was first printed in The Cornhill Magazine, July 1867,- August, 1868, vols. XVI-XVIII. It was published as a book in 1869. 2. For Sainte-Beuve, see The Study of Poetry, Selections, Note 2, p. 56. The article referred to appeared in the PAGE 243 244 247 248 249 253 Quarterly Review for January, 1866, vol. cxIx, p. 80. It finds fault with Sainte-Beuve's lack of conclusiveness, and describes him as having "spent his life in fitting his mind to be an elaborate receptacle for well-arranged doubts." In this respect a comparison is made with Arnold's "graceful but perfectly unsatisfactory essays.' 1. From Montesquieu's Discours sur les motifs qui doivent nous encourager aux sciences, prononcé le 15 Novembre, 1725. Montesquieu's Euvres complètes, ed. Laboulaye, vII, 78. 1. Thomas Wilson (1663-1755) was consecrated Bishop of Sodor and Man in 1698. His episcopate was marked by a number of reforms in the Isle of Man. The opening pages of Arnold's Preface to Culture and Anarchy are devoted to an appreciation of Wilson. He says: "On a lower range than the Imitation, and awakening in our nature chords less poetical and delicate, the Maxims of Bishop Wilson are, as a religious work, far more solid. To the most sincere ardor and unction, Bishop Wilson unites, in these Maxims, that downright honesty and plain good sense which our English race has so powerfully applied to the divine impossibilities of religion; by which it has brought religion so much into practical life, and has done its allotted part in promoting upon earth the kingdom of God." 2. will of God prevail. Maxim 450 reads: " A prudent Christian will resolve at all times to sacrifice his inclinations to reason, and his reason to the will and word of God." 1. From Bishop Wilson's Sacra Privata, Noon Prayers, Works, ed. 1781, 1, 199. 1. John Bright (1811-89) was a leader with Cobden in the agitation for repeal of the Corn Laws and other measures of reform, and was one of England's greatest masters of oratory. 2. Frederic Harrison (1831- ), English jurist and historian, was president of the English Positivist Committee, 1880-1905. His Creed of a Layman (1907) is a statement of his religious position. 1. See The Function of Criticism, Selections, Note 2, p. 37. 1. 1 Tim., IV, 8. 2. The first of the "Rules of Health and Long Life" in Poor Richard's Almanac for December, 1742. The quotation should read: "as the Constitution of thy Body allows of." 3. Epictetus, Encheiridion, chap. XLI. 4. Sweetness and Light. The phrase is from Swift's The Battle of the Books, Works, ed. Scott, 1824, x, 240. In the apologue of the Spider and the Bee the superiority of the ancient over the modern writers is thus summarized: "Instead of dirt and poison we have rather chose to fill our hives with honey and wax, thus furnishing mankind with the two noblest of things, which are sweetness and light." PAGE 256 258 259 261 262 1. Independents. The name applied in England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to the denomination now known as Congregationalists. 2. From Burke's Speech on Conciliation with America, Works, ed. 1834, 1, 187. 3. 1 Pet., III, 8. 1. Epsom. A market town in Surrey, where are held the famous Derby races, founded in 1780. 1. Sallust's Catiline, chap. LII, § 22. 2. The Daily Telegraph was begun in June, 1855, as a twopenny newspaper. It became the great organ of the middle classes and has been distinguished for its enterprise in many fields. Up to 1878 it was consistently Liberal in politics. It is a frequent object of Arnold's irony as the mouthpiece of English philistinism. 1. Young Leo (or Leo Adolescens) is Arnold's name for the typical writer of the Daily Telegraph (see above). He is a prominent character of Friendship's Garland. 1. Edmond Beales (1803-81), political agitator, was especially identified with the movement for manhood suffrage and the ballot, and was the leading spirit in two large popular demonstrations in London in 1866. 2. Charles Bradlaugh (1833-91), freethought advocate and politician. His efforts were especially directed toward maintaining the freedom of the press in issuing criticisms on religious belief and sociological questions. In 1880 he became a Member of Parliament, and began a long and finally successful struggle for the right to take his seat in Parliament without the customary oath on the Bible. 3. John Henry Newman (1801-90) was the leader of the Oxford Movement in the English Church. His Apologia pro Vita Sua (1864) was a defense of his religious life and an account of the causes which led him from Anglicanism to Romanism. For his hostility to Liberalism see the Apologia, ed. 1907, pp. 34, 212, and 288. 4. Eneid, 1, 460. 263 I The Reform Bill of 1832 abolished fifty-six "rotten boroughs and made other changes in representation to Parliament, thus transferring a large share of political power from the landed aristocracy to the middle classes. 266 2. Robert Lowe (1811-92), afterwards Viscount Sherbrooke, held offices in the Board of Education and Board of Trade. He was liberal, but opposed the Reform Bill of that party in 1866-67. His speeches on the subject were printed in 1867. 1. Jacobinism. The Société des Jacobins was the most famous of the political clubs of the French Revolution. Later the term Jacobin was applied to any promulgator of extreme revolutionary or radical opinions. 2. See ante, Note 2, p. 248. 3. Auguste Comte (1798-1857), French philosopher and |