The second or middle pause, (so called because it frequently occurs in the middle of a sentence,) marked thus Z.

The third or long pause, marked thus.

The fourth or longest pause, marked thus'. One or other of these pauses, generally the shortest, must be introduced in the following places:

1st. After the nominative phrase, i. e. that part of a sentence which forms the subject of the verb. Or the rule might be expressed thus, After a compound nominative, i. e. a nominative case consisting of more than one word.

2nd. Between the several members of a series. 3rdly. Between the object and the modifying words in their inverted order.

4thly. After words in apposition with, or in opposition to, each other.

5thly. After the word which forms the principal subject of a discourse.

6thly. Before who, which, what, and before that, used relatively.

7thly. Before that, used conjunctively.

8thly. Before the infinitive mood, when not immediately preceded by a modifying word.

9thly. Before and after a parenthetic member. 10thly. Generally before prepositions.

short pause, for in a simple sentence of considerable length, it is the longest in the sentence.

EXAMPLES.

I. After the nominative phrase.

The descriptive part of this allegory is likewise very fine, and full of sublime ideas.

A remarkable affair
Alarming rumours

had happened.

happened this year.

were spread respecting what

In these examples, the pause which is inserted is necessary, not only that the organs may pronounce the whole with more ease, but that the compound nominative, and the verb, by being exhibited separately, may be more readily and distinctly conceived. In the last example, a pause would still have been requisite had there been no words following the verb:

Alarming rumours were spread; or even Alarming rumours spread. But had it been Rumours were spread, or Rumours spread, there would then be no necessary pause after Rumours, nor would there be any had the sentence been Rumours were spread respecting what had happened; for although this requires a pause somewhere, the most appropriate place is before the preposition respecting.

A verb in the infinitive mood together with its adjuncts may be considered as a compound nominative, and is followed by a pause. Thus,

To be ever active in laudable pursuits tinguishing characteristic of a man of merit.

is the dis

To weep without measure is folly; not to weep at all is insensibility.

It may be considered as a corollary or supplement to this rule, that there must be a pause after the demonstrative pronoun, when it follows a series, i. e. a succession of similar words or clauses: thus,

To rule with your counsels three mighty realms; in the place of their erroneous institutions to substitute a sounder system of doctrine and of discipline; to pervade their remotest provinces with unremitting attention and anxiety, vigilance and foresight; to decline no labours, to yield to no blandishments of pleasure; to spurn the pageantries of wealth and of power;-these are difficulties, in comparison with which those of war are the mere levities of play; these will sift and winnow you; these demand a man sustained by the Divine assistance, tutored and instructed, almost by a personal communication with his God. These and more than these you often, as I doubt not, revolve, and make the subjects of your deepest meditation, greatly solicitous how most happily they may be achieved, and your country's freedom be strengthened and secured and these objects you cannot in my judgment otherwise effect, than by admitting, as you do, to an intimate share in your councils, those men who have already participated your toils and your dangers.-Milton's Address to Cromwell.

It is almost superfluous to point out, how much the force and spirit of this passage are brought out by inserting a pause after the de

monstrative pronoun these. This pause gives the hearer time to think of the particulars which have just been enumerated, and serves both to impress them on his mind, and to prepare his attention for what is to follow.

In like manner there should be a pause after all when it follows a series, the demonstrative these being understood. Thus,

The distribution of oceans, seas, and rivers, the variety of fields, meadows, and groves, the luxuriance of fruits, herbs, and flowers, the return of spring, summer, autumn, and winter, not only regular in their approaches, but bringing with them presents to make their return desirable, the pleasant vicissitudes of day and night, all have a voice, which by telling man that he is constantly receiving favors, reminds him that he should be ready to bestow them.-Dyer.

II. Between the several members of a series.

ד

Riches, pleasure, and health become evils to those who do not know how to use them.

ר

ר

ר

A patient, sober, honest, and industrious man 7 will always be respected.

ר

Wisely, rationally, and prudently to love is, in the opinion of lovers, not to love at all.

There is generally an exception to this rule in the case of a simple series of two particulars, which are more closely connected with each other than they are with the rest of the sentence. Thus,

He is put to no trouble and care about his words and actions.

III. Between the object and the modifying words in their inverted order. Adjectives and adverbs are the modifying words here referred to; the former have nouns for their object, the latter either adjectives or verbs.

He was a man patient, sober, honest, and indus

trious.

To love wisely, rationally, and prudently, is, in the opinion of lovers, not to love at all.

And oh! may heaven their simple lives prevent
From luxury's contagion weak and vile.

This rule does not take place where there is only one modifying word after the object. Thus there can be no pause after the word arms in the second of the following lines:

Of these the chief the care of nations own,

And guard with arms divine the British throne.

IV. After words in apposition with, or in opposition to, each other.

When first thy Sire to send on earth

Virtue his darling child designed.

Here the word virtue and the following member his darling child are in apposition with each other, and must each be followed by a short pause.