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of their invitations, and offers made to
Henry VIII of England, ibid. h; and
his answer, ibid. sub. not. h; how it
influenced the Emperor, and whence
he became inclined to peace, 76; its ar-
ticles, and account of, iii. 209 and b.
Smaragdus, a skilful linguist and gramma-
rian in ix cent. ii. 14.
Socinian, different sense of that term, iii.
353 and y.

Socinianism, errors about its origin, iii.
359, 360, and m; its real origin, 361;
progress of it, 363; how propagated in
Transylvania and Hungary, 371; in
Holland and England, 372; in Germa-
ny, 373; its main principle, 374; dan-
gerous consequences, ibid. sum of the-
ology, 375; moral doctrine, 376.
Socinians, their history, name, and origin,
iii. 352; how far their origin may be
traced, 354; their tenets and doctors,
ibid. spread their doctrine in Poland,
362; their progress and different class-
es, 363, 364; their Polish version of the
Bible, 365; summary of religion, ibid.
account of the Cracow catechism and
its six points, ibid. and z; their methods
of propagating their doctrine, 372 and
k; yet fail almost every where, 373;
their first attempts in Holland, and by
whom, ibid. also in Britain and Germany
unsuccessful, ibid. with their main
principle, 374; state of learning among
them, 378; method of proceeding in
theology, ibid. their divisions and in-
testine controversies, 379; effect of the
death of their chief, Faustus, 382; their
flourishing state in xvii cent. iv. 168;
their extensive views and attempts to
make proselytes, with the singular me-
thod of propagating their doctrine, ibid.
their missions not successful, with their
decline at Altorf, and how, 169; their
decline and sufferings in Poland, and
on what account, 170 and n; banished
thence for ever with the utmost seve-
rity, 171; fate of the exiles, ibid. con-
ceive some hopes of settling in Den-
mark, and how disappointed, ibid. some
in England enjoy tolerable tranquillity,
172 and rr; congregations of them
formed at London, with their notions,
ibid. sub. rr; embrace the communion
of other sects, 173 and t; not united in
their opinions, ibid. and ; account of
their state in xviii cent. iv. 203.
Socinus, Lælius, his great character, iii.
353, adopts the Helvetic confession of
faith, ib. his travels, after which he set-
tles at Zurich and dies there, ibid. and w.

Faustus, an account of, iii. 353,
354 and y; his dexterous proceedings,
369; changes the ancient Unitarian
religion, 370; what hand Lælius had
in this, and its great success, ibid. d;
publishes the Cracow catechism, 371;

patronised by Jacobus a Sienno, who
turns Socinian, ibid.

So'tner, Ernest, a learned Peripatetic, and
advocate for Socinianism, at Altorf, iv.
169; inculcates their precepts with suc-
cess, ibid. his death, and bad conse-
quences of it to the Socinians, ibid.
Solitarius, Philippus, his character, ii.
281; character of his Dioptra, 297.
Sommer, John, propagates the doc-
trine of Budæus at Clausenburg, where
he presides in xvi cent. iii. 381, and

w, x.

Sophronius, monk of Palestine, raised to
the see of Jerusalem, his character, i.
456; opposes the Monothelites in vii
cent. 468; condemns them as Heretics,
ibid.

Sorbonne, doctors of, their college found-
ed for the study of divinity in xiii cent.
and by whom, ii. 339 and ƒ.

Sozzini, an illustrious family at Sienna in
Tuscany, iii. 353; Socinians supposed
to derive their denomination from them,
ibid.
Spangenburg, Cyriac, defends the doc-
trine of Flacius about original sin, iii.
246.

Spanheim, breach between him and Van-
der Wayen, and cause, iv. 114.
Spener, his method of teaching theology,
and success, iv. 28; sets on foot the.
controversy on pietism, 38.

Spina, Alphonsus de, his Fortress of Faith,

which he wrote against the Jews and
Saracens in xv cent. iii. 549.
Spinoza, Benedict, an account of that
Atheist, with his wisdom and probity,
iii. 424 and q; his work and the te-
nets therein, 426 and r; never attempt-
ed to make converts, ibid. sub. not. r;
seduced into his system by Cartes's phi-
losophy, 427 and s; his system wants
perspicuity, and is easily misunderstood
by persons of the greatest sagacity,
ibid. and t; account of his followers,
528, 529, and notes.

Spire, diet held at in xvi cent. iii. 54; its

issue favourable to Luther and the Re-
formers, ibid. appeals made at it to a
general council for terminating eccle-
siastical debates, 55, 56; progress of
the Reformation afterward, 55; a se-
cond diet held, in which the resolutions
of the former diet are revoked, and all
innovations in religion declared unlaw-
ful before the meeting of a general
council, 56, and f; the decree of this
last diet considered as iniquitous and
intolerable by several princes, 57; who
protest against it, and hence the de-
nomination of Protestants, ibid. the
names and number of these princes,
ibid. h.

Spirituals, See Franciscans.
Slancarus, debates excited by, iii. 248

his tenets in refutation of Osiander,
ibid. occasional commotions in Poland,
and dies there, 249, and n.
Stephen I. Bishop of Rome, his insolent
behaviour to the Asiatic Christians, on
account of the baptism of heretics in
iii cent. i. 224; is vigorously opposed
by Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, ibid.

II. Bishop of Rome, anoints and
crowns the usurper Pepin, King of
France, in viii cent. i. 496; hence he
is made a temporal prince, and this do-
nation of Pepin to the see of Rome
assumed by his successors, 497, 498,

and t.

establishes Christianity among the
Hungarians in x cent. ii. 77.

de Murat founds the monastic or-
der of Gradmontains in xi cent. ii. 188;
enjoins great austerity, ibid. contentions
for superiority among some of his order,
and consequences, 189; rigorous disci-
pline enjoined by him gradually miti-
gated, ibid. the origin of this order, by
whom written, ibid. f.

Stercorianism, what so called, and origin
of, ii. 51.

Stereoma, a celebrated work published by
the Crypto Calvinists, and on what ac-
count, iii. 251, and s, t.

Stiefel, Isaiah, his impious absurdities, iv.

61.

Stockius, Simon, the monstrous fiction re-
lative to him, and the credit it has gain-
ed even among the Popes, ii. 377 and
f, g.

Stoics, their explication of the divine na-
ture and the human soul, i. 40, 41;
their notions of fate unjustly represent-
ed, 41 and g.

Storchius, a leader of the fanatics, iii. 230,
325.

Strabo, Walafridus, his works and charac-
ter, ii. 31.

Strasburg, Thomas of, a scholastic divine
in xiv. cent. ii. 488.

controversy there concerning pre-
destination in xvi cent. iii. 271.
Strauchius, defends the creed against Sy-
nergism in xvii cent. iv. 34.
Strigellius, Victor, his commentaries, iii.
224; defends the opinions of Melanc-
thon, 324; his contest with Flacius,
244; is cast into prison, but released,
ibid. spends his days at Heidelberg, ibid.
Struchtmeyer, of Harderwyk, an account

of his absurd system about Paganism
and Christianity, i. 261, m.
Stubner, a leader of the fanatics, iii. 230.
Stylites, a superstitious sect of pillar saints
in v cent. i. 365; their singular and ex-
travagant fancies, ibid. not suppressed
till xii cent. ibid.

Suaninguis, Bishop of Zealand, opposes
Lubieniecius in his endeavours to settle
the Socinians in Denmark, iv. 171.

VOL. IV.

Subdeacons, the nature of their office, i. 210.
Sublapsarians, their doctrine, and why so
called, iv. 78.

Subschal Jesu, his conversions in Hyrca-

nia in viii cent. i. 477.

Sueno, of Denmark, apostatizes and em-
braces Christianity anew in x cent. ii.
79.

Suidas, supposed to live in x cent. ii. 104.
Sulpitius, Severus, of Gaul, the most emi-
nent historian in iv cent. i. 281 and p.
Supererogation, doctrine of, invented in
xii cent. ii. 288; taught in xiii cent. 402.
Superstition, its great increase in vi cent.
i. 419; this accounted for, and exem-
plified by the doctrines then taught,
419; and by introducing a variety of
new rites into the church, 429; the oc-
casion of them, 430; insinuates itself
into the transactions of civil life in ix
cent. and whence, ii. 63; evident from
the several trials in proof of innocence,
ibid. how nourished by many idle opi-
nions in x cent. 107; particularly that
of an immediate and final judgment,
ibid. the effects of this opinion benefi-
cial to the church, 108 and w; reigns
among the people in xii cent. 285; a
proof of this appears in the confidence
placed in relics, ibid. connexion be-
tween it and fanaticism considered, 104,
105 and c.

Supralapsarians, who so called, and why,
iv. 78.

Supremacy of Rome. See Popes.
Susneius, Seltam Segued, Emperor of the

East, protects the Jesuit missionaries,
in Abyssinia, iii. 478; his intentions of
propagating the doctrines and worship
of the Church of Rome, how frustrated,
479.

Swedes, embrace Christianity in ix cent.
ii. 3; convert many in Finland in xii
cent. and by what means, ii. 289; Re-
formation established among them in
xvi cent. by Gustavus Vasa Ericson,
iii. 61.
Switzerland, origin of the reformation by
Zuingle, iii. 38; progress of it, 39; re-
ceives the doctrine of Carolstadt in xvi
cent. 233; adopts the doctrine of Zuin-
gle, 265; doctrine of Claudius propa-
gated there, 355; disputes about the
form of concord in xvii cent. iv. 125;
and continue in xviii cent. iv. 209. See
Zuingle.

Sylvester II. Pope, his letter, by which he
gave the signal for the first crusade, in
x cent. ii. 82 and z; restores learning,
ibid. chiefly inclines to the study of the
mathematics, ibid. the success of his
zeal for literature, ibid. derives his
knowledge from the Arabians settled in
Spain, 92; his promotion to the Ponti-
ficate universally approved, ii. 99; bis
high character, 104.

59

Symmachus, violent dispute between him
and Laurentius concerning their elee-
tion to the see of Rome, i. 412; defend-
ed by Ennodius, 413.
Syncellus, Michael, endeavours to raise
the credit of Mysticism, by his panegy-
ric on Dionysius in ix cent. ii. 42.
Syncretistical, Callixtine, controversies,
their rise in xvii cent. iv. 31; the share
which Buscher had in them, 31, 32;
the animated opposition of Callixtus to
his Saxon accusers, 33 and d; continua-
tion of these debates by Calovius,
and other able divines, with their
names, and the creed drawn up by
them, 33, 34 and e; the issue of these
debates, 34.

Syncretists, Platonic, their rise in xv cent.
and account of, ii. 513; chargeable
with many errors, ibid.

endeavour to promote con-
cord among Christians in xvii cent. iv.
30.

Synergists, their doctrine, iii. 242; oppo-
sed by the Lutherans, 242, 243. See
Controversy Synergistical.

Synods, their origin in ii cent. and canons
formed there, i. 146.

Szegedin, with others, propagates Calvin-
ism in Hungary and Transylvania, in
xvi cent. iii. 298.

T.

Tabor, mount, why so called, ii. 552.
Taborites, in Bohemia, their rise and name,
whence, ii. 554; extravagant demands
for a total reformation, ibid. chimerical
notions of Christ's descent to purify the
church, ibid. the cruelties of which they
were guilty, and their principles, ibid.
and z; their obstinacy in maintaining
their opinions, 555; the reformation
that took place among them, ibid. af-
terward assist Luther in the Reforma-
tion, ibid. remains of them in Poland
and other places, 556.

Taio, Bishop of Saragossa, his character,

i. 450; his body of divinity, 459; the
first who composed a system of divinity,
ii. 200.

Tamerlane, his zeal for Mahometanism,

and the extirpation of Christianity, in
xiv cent. ii. 445; compels many to
apostatize, ib. his religion doubtful, 446.
Tanner, a Jesuit, writes against the Pro-
testants, iii. 454.

Tarquelinus, or Tanquelmus, his horrid
blasphemy in xii cent. ii. 312; seems to
have been a Mystic, 313; is assassina-
ted, and his sect silenced by Norbert, ib.
Tarnovius, a Lutheran expositor of the
Scriptures in xvii cent. iv. 26; some of
his opinions censured, 55.
Tartary, Christianity embraced there, in
x cent. ii. 73; propagated in xi cent.
by the Nestorians, 119 and b, c; embas-
sies and missions from Rome in xiii

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Taurellus, Nicholas, a supposed infidel
writer in xvi cent. iii. 119.
Telesius, a philosopher in xvi cent. iii. 122;
his character, ib. o.

Telingius, character of his moral writings,
iii. 311.

Tellius, Sylvester, banished the territory
of Geneva, iii. 359.
Templars, origin of their knights, and
names of their founders, ii. 240; why
suppressed, ib. and b; summoned to ap-
pear before Clement V. Pope, in xiv
cent. 505; condemned, and the order
extirpated, by the council of Vienne,
ib. their revenues partly bestowed on
the knights of Malta, ib. the impiety im-
puted to some not justly to be charged
upon all, 506; reasons to think injus-
tice was done them, ib. and l.
Temples, to the saints, multiplied in vi
cent. and superstitious opinions adopted
about them, i. 431.

Tertiaries, an order of Franciscans, an ac-
count of, ii. 391; their name whence,
ibid. observe the third rule prescribed
by St. Francis, 392 sub. q; chiefly
known by the name of Beghards, or
Beguards, and the rise of these deno-
minations, ibid. and r.

Tertullian, his apology written for the

Christians in ii cent. i. 134; character
of his works, 149 and r; why unsuc-
cessful in his writings against the Jews,
153; his treatises on morality, and ac-
count of them, 155; his work against
Hermogenes, 188 and b; a professed
admirer of Montanus the Heretic, 190
and d.

Testament, New, its translations how use-
ful, and the principal among them, i.
126; the zeal of Christians in spreading
abroad these versions, and the benefits
hence arising to the cause of religion in
iii cent. 194.

Tetzel, John, his matchless impudence in
preaching up the impious doctrine of
indulgences in xvi cent. iii. 26 and o;
miserable death, 33. See Luther.
Teutonic knights, their office, ii. 241;
formed into a fraternity in Germany,
ibid. corruption introduced among
them, and consequences, 242 and d.
Thalassius, a moral writer in vii cent. i.
460.

Theatins, a monastic order instituted in
xvi cent. and by whom, iii. 149, 150;
female convents of this order, 150.

Thegan, an historian in ix ceft. ii. 14.
Theodemir, writes in defence of image
worship in ix cent. ii. 47.
Theodore of Mopsuestia, his character,
i. 354 and n; his commentaries on the
Scriptures, 359 and c; his book against
Origen, 360; his application of the
writings of the Prophets, and why cen-
sured, ibid. and g, h.

of Cæsaria in Cappadocia, de-
fends Origen against all his adversaries
in vi cent. i. 425; persuades the Em-
peror Justinian to condemn the three
chapters, 429.

of Tarsus, Archbishop of Can-
terbury, promotes learning in England,
i. 450; restores penance in vii cent.
461; account of his new Penitential,
ibid. and c; its progress and decline,
ibid.

Abbot of Raithu, his book
against sects, i. 456; treatise concern-
ing the incarnation of Christ, 460.
Theodoret, Bishop of Cyprus, his charac-
ter, i. 354; an excellent expositor, and
why, 359 and b.

Theodorus, Studites, his character and
works, ii. 29 and n.

Graptus, a zealous advocate for
image worship in ix cent. ii. 29 and o.
Abucara, account of, ii. 29

and o.
Lascarius, his works, and zeal in
defending the cause of the Greeks
against the Latins in xiii cent. if. 398.
Metochita, an historian in xiv

cent. ii. 447.
Theodosius the Great, his zeal against Pa-
ganism in iv cent. i. 259.

the younger, discovers an ar-
dent zeal for promoting Christianity,
and extirpating idolatry, in v cent. i.
332, 341.

of Alexandria, seconds the ef-
forts of Jacob Baradæus in reviving the
sect of the Monophysites, in vi cent.
i. 435.

Theodotus, his erroneous notions about
Christ in i cent. i. 187; uncertainty
about these, ibid.

of Ancyra, a writer in v cent.

i. 355.
Toeodulphus, Bishop of Orleans, an emi-
nent writer in viii cent. i. 507.
Theology, controversial.

sial Writers.

See Controver-

didactic, its simplicity in the
infant state of Christianity, i. 99; gra-
dually loses its simplicity, and whence,
in ii cent. 150, 151; corrupted by intro-
ducing Platonic tenets into the Christian
system in iii cent. 214; is made the sub-
ject of many learned writers, 219; the
most eminent writers of in iv cent.
285; its deplorable state in v cent. 361;
its writers in vii cent. deserve no com-
mendation, 459; state in viii cent. 513;

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the opinions and authority of the Fa-
thers considered as the test of divine
truth, ibid. authority made the criterion
of truth in ix cent. ii. 41; its state in xii
cent. ii. 290; different sects of didactic
divines at Paris, ibid. principal object of
study in xiii cent. 406; greatly improved
in xvi cent. iii. 124; and the genius and
spirit of the Christian religion better
explained, 125; its state in the church
of Rome, 161.

Theology, explanatory, its state in vi cent.
i. 420; arguments used by its writers
destitute of clearness and precision,
421; various methods of explaining
Christian truths used about this time,
422; chiefly confined to the sentiments
of the Fathers, who were diligently stu-
died in viii cent. 509; the merit of those
writers considered, who explained
Christian truths by methods independ-
ent on the authority of the Fathers,
510; entirely neglected by the Greeks
and Latins in x cent. ii. 111; its state in
xi cent. 198; undertaken by few men
of judgment and penetration in xii cent.
288; the mystic method much adopted
in xiii cent. 404; modelled after the
sentiments of the Fathers in xiv cent.
490; its state in xv cent. 557; much
freedom used in stating points of doc-
trine in xvi cent. iii. 21; its state in the
church of Rome, 159, 160.

polemic, badly handled in vi
cent. i. 424; its state in vii cent. 461;
the defence of Christianity against the
Jews neglected through intestine divi-
sions in ix cent. ii. 43; shocking writers
in xii cent. ii. 297; writers more nu-
merous than respectable in xiii cent.
412.

positive, whence derived, i. 422.
scholastic, whence its orgin in
iii cent. i. 215; admired in xi cent.
ii. 198; why so called, 199; the mo-
dest views of the first scholastics, ibid.
200 and c; declines into captious phi-
losophy, ii. 284.

its wretched state in xvi cent.
iii. 21; most of its teachers Positivi and
Sententiarii, ibid. liberty of debating re-
ligious subjects, ibid.

Romish writers, in xvi cent. iii.
154 and c; a reformation of it in Paris,
161; academical law about it, ib. and q.
Theopaschites, who, i. 387 and 1; their
founder Peter, surnamed Fullo, ibid.
Theophanes, a writer among the Greeks in
viii cent. i. 506.

Cerameus, his homilies not
contemptible, ii. 193.

-Bishop of Nice, his works and
character, ii. 488; an eminent polemic
divine in xiv cent. 494.
Theophilus, Bishop of Antioch, his works,
i. 148 and q; his exposition of the four
Gospels lost, 152.

Theophilus, Bishop of Alexandria, why he
expels the monks of Nitria from their
residence, i. 300; illustrious by his op-
position against Origen and his adhe-
rents, 354.

the Emperor, his zeal against
image worship in ix cent. ii. 45.
Theophylact, Patriarch of Greece, his in-
famous character, ii. 93 and o.
Theophylact, of Bulgaria, the most eminent
expositor among the Greeks in xi cent.
ii. 199.

Theosophists, a sect of philosophers, their
origin in xvi cent. and whence, iii. 124;
character and opinions, ibid. and r;
their contest with Des Cartes, and mo-
deration, iii. 440.

Therapeuta, a sect among the Jews, and
whether a branch of the Essenes, i. 48;
were neither Christians nor Egyptians,
according to the opinions of some con-
cerning them, ibid.

Theresa, a Spanish lady, reforms the Car-
melites or White Friars in xvi cent. iii.
148; her associate in this arduous at-
tempt, who, ibid. the success she met
with, and hence the division of the
Carmelites into two branches, ibid. and
r; is sainted in xvii cent. by Gregory
XV. iii. 549,

Thessalonica, Simeon of, account of his
works, ii. 546,

Theurgy, an art adopted by Ammonius's
followers, what, i. 143.

Thomas, Bishop of Heraclea, his second
Syriac version of the New Testament,
i. 459 and z.

of Strasburg, a Scholastic divine in
xiv cent. ii. 488.
Thomasius, vehemently attacks the Peri-
patetics in xvii cent. iv. 18; his views,
and success of his philosophy at Hall
and other places, 19 and t.

Thorn, a famous meeting, called the Chari-
table Conference, held here in xvii cent.
by eminent doctors of the Reformed Lu-
theran and Romish Churches, iii. 467.
Tiberius, proposed Christ to be enrolled
among the Gods, i. 63 and c.
Tien, Shangti, supreme object of worship
among the Chinese, 402; its meaning
and dispute thereon, ibid. Chinese mis-
sionaries permitted by Clement XI. to
use this word in making converts, and
why, iv. 185.

Tilbury, Gervais of, his character and
works, ii, 340 and o.
Timotheus, his confutation of the various
heresies in vii cent. i. 462.

the Nestorian Pontiff, propa-
gates the Gospel with great success in
Hyrcania and Tartary in viii cent. i.
477.

Tindal, his deism, and hypothesis of, iv.
188 and c.

Titelman, Francis, his commentary on

St. Paul's Epistles, and character of it,
iii. 160.

Titius, defends the reputation of Callixtus
after his death, iv. 34.

Toland, John, his character and works,
iii. 422, answers to them, ibid. and ƒ;
account of his Pantheisticon, 428 u.

his infamous character and deisti-
cal principles, iv. 188 and c.
Toleration, the act in favour of the Non-
conformists in England under William
III. iv. 110 and h.

Torgau, famous convocation held at, in
xvi cent. iii. 252 and x; consequences
of it, ibid. 253.

Tostatus, Alphonsus, his works and cha-
racter, ii. 548; voluminous commenta-
ries on the Scriptures worthy of little
notice, 556.

Tournon, Cardinal, carries into China the
severe edict of Pope Clement XI.
against the use of Chinese rites, and the
zeal with which he puts it in execution,
iv. 185; is cast into prison by the Chi-
nese Emperor, and dies there, ibid.
Trajan, a short character of him, i. 123;
prohibits all anonymous libels against
the Christians, 124; persecution of the
Christians under him, 130; his order to
Pliny, and its effects, ibid. a great pa-
tron of learning, 136.

Transubstantiation, doctrine of, introduced
by Innocent Ill. in xiii cent. ii. 403;
adopted by the Greek church in xvii
cent. ii. 555; attacked by John Claude,
with Arnaud's defence of its antiquity,
ibid. other stratagems to prove its anti-
quity, ibid. 556, k, l.

Transylvania, Socinianism publicly esta-
blished there, and how, iii. 371.
Trapesond, George of, translates several
Grecian authors into Latin, and is a
learned advocate for the Latins in xv.
cent. ii. 547.

Trent, the project of a council there re-
newed, iii. 88; conditions on which
Maurice, Elector of Saxony, consented
to it, 89 c; necessary steps taken by
the Protestants for providing against
events, 89; congregation for interpret-
ing decrees of this council, 154; the
council for what assembled, and its de-
cisions censured, 155; its decrees how
far acknowledged by the members of
the church of Rome, 156; afford no
clear and perfect knowledge of the Ro-
mish faith, 157 and k; measures taken
by it to prevent the reading of the
Scriptures, 158; forbid all interpreta
tions of them contrary to, or different
from, the sense adopted by the church,
159 and m.

Trials of innocence in ix cent. by cold
water, ii. 63 and f; by single combat,
fire ordeal, and the cross, 63, 64 sub.
not. f; whence these methods of de-

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