of their invitations, and offers made to Henry VIII of England, ibid. h; and his answer, ibid. sub. not. h; how it influenced the Emperor, and whence he became inclined to peace, 76; its ar- ticles, and account of, iii. 209 and b. Smaragdus, a skilful linguist and gramma- rian in ix cent. ii. 14. Socinian, different sense of that term, iii. 353 and y.
Socinianism, errors about its origin, iii. 359, 360, and m; its real origin, 361; progress of it, 363; how propagated in Transylvania and Hungary, 371; in Holland and England, 372; in Germa- ny, 373; its main principle, 374; dan- gerous consequences, ibid. sum of the- ology, 375; moral doctrine, 376. Socinians, their history, name, and origin, iii. 352; how far their origin may be traced, 354; their tenets and doctors, ibid. spread their doctrine in Poland, 362; their progress and different class- es, 363, 364; their Polish version of the Bible, 365; summary of religion, ibid. account of the Cracow catechism and its six points, ibid. and z; their methods of propagating their doctrine, 372 and k; yet fail almost every where, 373; their first attempts in Holland, and by whom, ibid. also in Britain and Germany unsuccessful, ibid. with their main principle, 374; state of learning among them, 378; method of proceeding in theology, ibid. their divisions and in- testine controversies, 379; effect of the death of their chief, Faustus, 382; their flourishing state in xvii cent. iv. 168; their extensive views and attempts to make proselytes, with the singular me- thod of propagating their doctrine, ibid. their missions not successful, with their decline at Altorf, and how, 169; their decline and sufferings in Poland, and on what account, 170 and n; banished thence for ever with the utmost seve- rity, 171; fate of the exiles, ibid. con- ceive some hopes of settling in Den- mark, and how disappointed, ibid. some in England enjoy tolerable tranquillity, 172 and rr; congregations of them formed at London, with their notions, ibid. sub. rr; embrace the communion of other sects, 173 and t; not united in their opinions, ibid. and ; account of their state in xviii cent. iv. 203. Socinus, Lælius, his great character, iii. 353, adopts the Helvetic confession of faith, ib. his travels, after which he set- tles at Zurich and dies there, ibid. and w.
Faustus, an account of, iii. 353, 354 and y; his dexterous proceedings, 369; changes the ancient Unitarian religion, 370; what hand Lælius had in this, and its great success, ibid. d; publishes the Cracow catechism, 371;
patronised by Jacobus a Sienno, who turns Socinian, ibid.
So'tner, Ernest, a learned Peripatetic, and advocate for Socinianism, at Altorf, iv. 169; inculcates their precepts with suc- cess, ibid. his death, and bad conse- quences of it to the Socinians, ibid. Solitarius, Philippus, his character, ii. 281; character of his Dioptra, 297. Sommer, John, propagates the doc- trine of Budæus at Clausenburg, where he presides in xvi cent. iii. 381, and
Sophronius, monk of Palestine, raised to the see of Jerusalem, his character, i. 456; opposes the Monothelites in vii cent. 468; condemns them as Heretics, ibid.
Sorbonne, doctors of, their college found- ed for the study of divinity in xiii cent. and by whom, ii. 339 and ƒ.
Sozzini, an illustrious family at Sienna in Tuscany, iii. 353; Socinians supposed to derive their denomination from them, ibid. Spangenburg, Cyriac, defends the doc- trine of Flacius about original sin, iii. 246.
Spanheim, breach between him and Van- der Wayen, and cause, iv. 114. Spener, his method of teaching theology, and success, iv. 28; sets on foot the. controversy on pietism, 38.
Spina, Alphonsus de, his Fortress of Faith,
which he wrote against the Jews and Saracens in xv cent. iii. 549. Spinoza, Benedict, an account of that Atheist, with his wisdom and probity, iii. 424 and q; his work and the te- nets therein, 426 and r; never attempt- ed to make converts, ibid. sub. not. r; seduced into his system by Cartes's phi- losophy, 427 and s; his system wants perspicuity, and is easily misunderstood by persons of the greatest sagacity, ibid. and t; account of his followers, 528, 529, and notes.
Spire, diet held at in xvi cent. iii. 54; its
issue favourable to Luther and the Re- formers, ibid. appeals made at it to a general council for terminating eccle- siastical debates, 55, 56; progress of the Reformation afterward, 55; a se- cond diet held, in which the resolutions of the former diet are revoked, and all innovations in religion declared unlaw- ful before the meeting of a general council, 56, and f; the decree of this last diet considered as iniquitous and intolerable by several princes, 57; who protest against it, and hence the de- nomination of Protestants, ibid. the names and number of these princes, ibid. h.
Spirituals, See Franciscans. Slancarus, debates excited by, iii. 248
his tenets in refutation of Osiander, ibid. occasional commotions in Poland, and dies there, 249, and n. Stephen I. Bishop of Rome, his insolent behaviour to the Asiatic Christians, on account of the baptism of heretics in iii cent. i. 224; is vigorously opposed by Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, ibid.
II. Bishop of Rome, anoints and crowns the usurper Pepin, King of France, in viii cent. i. 496; hence he is made a temporal prince, and this do- nation of Pepin to the see of Rome assumed by his successors, 497, 498,
establishes Christianity among the Hungarians in x cent. ii. 77.
de Murat founds the monastic or- der of Gradmontains in xi cent. ii. 188; enjoins great austerity, ibid. contentions for superiority among some of his order, and consequences, 189; rigorous disci- pline enjoined by him gradually miti- gated, ibid. the origin of this order, by whom written, ibid. f.
Stercorianism, what so called, and origin of, ii. 51.
Stereoma, a celebrated work published by the Crypto Calvinists, and on what ac- count, iii. 251, and s, t.
Stiefel, Isaiah, his impious absurdities, iv.
Stockius, Simon, the monstrous fiction re- lative to him, and the credit it has gain- ed even among the Popes, ii. 377 and f, g.
Stoics, their explication of the divine na- ture and the human soul, i. 40, 41; their notions of fate unjustly represent- ed, 41 and g.
Storchius, a leader of the fanatics, iii. 230, 325.
Strabo, Walafridus, his works and charac- ter, ii. 31.
Strasburg, Thomas of, a scholastic divine in xiv. cent. ii. 488.
controversy there concerning pre- destination in xvi cent. iii. 271. Strauchius, defends the creed against Sy- nergism in xvii cent. iv. 34. Strigellius, Victor, his commentaries, iii. 224; defends the opinions of Melanc- thon, 324; his contest with Flacius, 244; is cast into prison, but released, ibid. spends his days at Heidelberg, ibid. Struchtmeyer, of Harderwyk, an account
of his absurd system about Paganism and Christianity, i. 261, m. Stubner, a leader of the fanatics, iii. 230. Stylites, a superstitious sect of pillar saints in v cent. i. 365; their singular and ex- travagant fancies, ibid. not suppressed till xii cent. ibid.
Suaninguis, Bishop of Zealand, opposes Lubieniecius in his endeavours to settle the Socinians in Denmark, iv. 171.
Subdeacons, the nature of their office, i. 210. Sublapsarians, their doctrine, and why so called, iv. 78.
Subschal Jesu, his conversions in Hyrca-
nia in viii cent. i. 477.
Sueno, of Denmark, apostatizes and em- braces Christianity anew in x cent. ii. 79.
Suidas, supposed to live in x cent. ii. 104. Sulpitius, Severus, of Gaul, the most emi- nent historian in iv cent. i. 281 and p. Supererogation, doctrine of, invented in xii cent. ii. 288; taught in xiii cent. 402. Superstition, its great increase in vi cent. i. 419; this accounted for, and exem- plified by the doctrines then taught, 419; and by introducing a variety of new rites into the church, 429; the oc- casion of them, 430; insinuates itself into the transactions of civil life in ix cent. and whence, ii. 63; evident from the several trials in proof of innocence, ibid. how nourished by many idle opi- nions in x cent. 107; particularly that of an immediate and final judgment, ibid. the effects of this opinion benefi- cial to the church, 108 and w; reigns among the people in xii cent. 285; a proof of this appears in the confidence placed in relics, ibid. connexion be- tween it and fanaticism considered, 104, 105 and c.
Supralapsarians, who so called, and why, iv. 78.
Supremacy of Rome. See Popes. Susneius, Seltam Segued, Emperor of the
East, protects the Jesuit missionaries, in Abyssinia, iii. 478; his intentions of propagating the doctrines and worship of the Church of Rome, how frustrated, 479.
Swedes, embrace Christianity in ix cent. ii. 3; convert many in Finland in xii cent. and by what means, ii. 289; Re- formation established among them in xvi cent. by Gustavus Vasa Ericson, iii. 61. Switzerland, origin of the reformation by Zuingle, iii. 38; progress of it, 39; re- ceives the doctrine of Carolstadt in xvi cent. 233; adopts the doctrine of Zuin- gle, 265; doctrine of Claudius propa- gated there, 355; disputes about the form of concord in xvii cent. iv. 125; and continue in xviii cent. iv. 209. See Zuingle.
Sylvester II. Pope, his letter, by which he gave the signal for the first crusade, in x cent. ii. 82 and z; restores learning, ibid. chiefly inclines to the study of the mathematics, ibid. the success of his zeal for literature, ibid. derives his knowledge from the Arabians settled in Spain, 92; his promotion to the Ponti- ficate universally approved, ii. 99; bis high character, 104.
Symmachus, violent dispute between him and Laurentius concerning their elee- tion to the see of Rome, i. 412; defend- ed by Ennodius, 413. Syncellus, Michael, endeavours to raise the credit of Mysticism, by his panegy- ric on Dionysius in ix cent. ii. 42. Syncretistical, Callixtine, controversies, their rise in xvii cent. iv. 31; the share which Buscher had in them, 31, 32; the animated opposition of Callixtus to his Saxon accusers, 33 and d; continua- tion of these debates by Calovius, and other able divines, with their names, and the creed drawn up by them, 33, 34 and e; the issue of these debates, 34.
Syncretists, Platonic, their rise in xv cent. and account of, ii. 513; chargeable with many errors, ibid.
endeavour to promote con- cord among Christians in xvii cent. iv. 30.
Synergists, their doctrine, iii. 242; oppo- sed by the Lutherans, 242, 243. See Controversy Synergistical.
Synods, their origin in ii cent. and canons formed there, i. 146.
Szegedin, with others, propagates Calvin- ism in Hungary and Transylvania, in xvi cent. iii. 298.
Tabor, mount, why so called, ii. 552. Taborites, in Bohemia, their rise and name, whence, ii. 554; extravagant demands for a total reformation, ibid. chimerical notions of Christ's descent to purify the church, ibid. the cruelties of which they were guilty, and their principles, ibid. and z; their obstinacy in maintaining their opinions, 555; the reformation that took place among them, ibid. af- terward assist Luther in the Reforma- tion, ibid. remains of them in Poland and other places, 556.
Taio, Bishop of Saragossa, his character,
i. 450; his body of divinity, 459; the first who composed a system of divinity, ii. 200.
Tamerlane, his zeal for Mahometanism,
and the extirpation of Christianity, in xiv cent. ii. 445; compels many to apostatize, ib. his religion doubtful, 446. Tanner, a Jesuit, writes against the Pro- testants, iii. 454.
Tarquelinus, or Tanquelmus, his horrid blasphemy in xii cent. ii. 312; seems to have been a Mystic, 313; is assassina- ted, and his sect silenced by Norbert, ib. Tarnovius, a Lutheran expositor of the Scriptures in xvii cent. iv. 26; some of his opinions censured, 55. Tartary, Christianity embraced there, in x cent. ii. 73; propagated in xi cent. by the Nestorians, 119 and b, c; embas- sies and missions from Rome in xiii
Taurellus, Nicholas, a supposed infidel writer in xvi cent. iii. 119. Telesius, a philosopher in xvi cent. iii. 122; his character, ib. o.
Telingius, character of his moral writings, iii. 311.
Tellius, Sylvester, banished the territory of Geneva, iii. 359. Templars, origin of their knights, and names of their founders, ii. 240; why suppressed, ib. and b; summoned to ap- pear before Clement V. Pope, in xiv cent. 505; condemned, and the order extirpated, by the council of Vienne, ib. their revenues partly bestowed on the knights of Malta, ib. the impiety im- puted to some not justly to be charged upon all, 506; reasons to think injus- tice was done them, ib. and l. Temples, to the saints, multiplied in vi cent. and superstitious opinions adopted about them, i. 431.
Tertiaries, an order of Franciscans, an ac- count of, ii. 391; their name whence, ibid. observe the third rule prescribed by St. Francis, 392 sub. q; chiefly known by the name of Beghards, or Beguards, and the rise of these deno- minations, ibid. and r.
Tertullian, his apology written for the
Christians in ii cent. i. 134; character of his works, 149 and r; why unsuc- cessful in his writings against the Jews, 153; his treatises on morality, and ac- count of them, 155; his work against Hermogenes, 188 and b; a professed admirer of Montanus the Heretic, 190 and d.
Testament, New, its translations how use- ful, and the principal among them, i. 126; the zeal of Christians in spreading abroad these versions, and the benefits hence arising to the cause of religion in iii cent. 194.
Tetzel, John, his matchless impudence in preaching up the impious doctrine of indulgences in xvi cent. iii. 26 and o; miserable death, 33. See Luther. Teutonic knights, their office, ii. 241; formed into a fraternity in Germany, ibid. corruption introduced among them, and consequences, 242 and d. Thalassius, a moral writer in vii cent. i. 460.
Theatins, a monastic order instituted in xvi cent. and by whom, iii. 149, 150; female convents of this order, 150.
Thegan, an historian in ix ceft. ii. 14. Theodemir, writes in defence of image worship in ix cent. ii. 47. Theodore of Mopsuestia, his character, i. 354 and n; his commentaries on the Scriptures, 359 and c; his book against Origen, 360; his application of the writings of the Prophets, and why cen- sured, ibid. and g, h.
of Cæsaria in Cappadocia, de- fends Origen against all his adversaries in vi cent. i. 425; persuades the Em- peror Justinian to condemn the three chapters, 429.
of Tarsus, Archbishop of Can- terbury, promotes learning in England, i. 450; restores penance in vii cent. 461; account of his new Penitential, ibid. and c; its progress and decline, ibid.
Abbot of Raithu, his book against sects, i. 456; treatise concern- ing the incarnation of Christ, 460. Theodoret, Bishop of Cyprus, his charac- ter, i. 354; an excellent expositor, and why, 359 and b.
Theodorus, Studites, his character and works, ii. 29 and n.
Graptus, a zealous advocate for image worship in ix cent. ii. 29 and o. Abucara, account of, ii. 29
and o. Lascarius, his works, and zeal in defending the cause of the Greeks against the Latins in xiii cent. if. 398. Metochita, an historian in xiv
cent. ii. 447. Theodosius the Great, his zeal against Pa- ganism in iv cent. i. 259.
the younger, discovers an ar- dent zeal for promoting Christianity, and extirpating idolatry, in v cent. i. 332, 341.
of Alexandria, seconds the ef- forts of Jacob Baradæus in reviving the sect of the Monophysites, in vi cent. i. 435.
Theodotus, his erroneous notions about Christ in i cent. i. 187; uncertainty about these, ibid.
of Ancyra, a writer in v cent.
i. 355. Toeodulphus, Bishop of Orleans, an emi- nent writer in viii cent. i. 507. Theology, controversial.
didactic, its simplicity in the infant state of Christianity, i. 99; gra- dually loses its simplicity, and whence, in ii cent. 150, 151; corrupted by intro- ducing Platonic tenets into the Christian system in iii cent. 214; is made the sub- ject of many learned writers, 219; the most eminent writers of in iv cent. 285; its deplorable state in v cent. 361; its writers in vii cent. deserve no com- mendation, 459; state in viii cent. 513;
the opinions and authority of the Fa- thers considered as the test of divine truth, ibid. authority made the criterion of truth in ix cent. ii. 41; its state in xii cent. ii. 290; different sects of didactic divines at Paris, ibid. principal object of study in xiii cent. 406; greatly improved in xvi cent. iii. 124; and the genius and spirit of the Christian religion better explained, 125; its state in the church of Rome, 161.
Theology, explanatory, its state in vi cent. i. 420; arguments used by its writers destitute of clearness and precision, 421; various methods of explaining Christian truths used about this time, 422; chiefly confined to the sentiments of the Fathers, who were diligently stu- died in viii cent. 509; the merit of those writers considered, who explained Christian truths by methods independ- ent on the authority of the Fathers, 510; entirely neglected by the Greeks and Latins in x cent. ii. 111; its state in xi cent. 198; undertaken by few men of judgment and penetration in xii cent. 288; the mystic method much adopted in xiii cent. 404; modelled after the sentiments of the Fathers in xiv cent. 490; its state in xv cent. 557; much freedom used in stating points of doc- trine in xvi cent. iii. 21; its state in the church of Rome, 159, 160.
polemic, badly handled in vi cent. i. 424; its state in vii cent. 461; the defence of Christianity against the Jews neglected through intestine divi- sions in ix cent. ii. 43; shocking writers in xii cent. ii. 297; writers more nu- merous than respectable in xiii cent. 412.
positive, whence derived, i. 422. scholastic, whence its orgin in iii cent. i. 215; admired in xi cent. ii. 198; why so called, 199; the mo- dest views of the first scholastics, ibid. 200 and c; declines into captious phi- losophy, ii. 284.
its wretched state in xvi cent. iii. 21; most of its teachers Positivi and Sententiarii, ibid. liberty of debating re- ligious subjects, ibid.
Romish writers, in xvi cent. iii. 154 and c; a reformation of it in Paris, 161; academical law about it, ib. and q. Theopaschites, who, i. 387 and 1; their founder Peter, surnamed Fullo, ibid. Theophanes, a writer among the Greeks in viii cent. i. 506.
Cerameus, his homilies not contemptible, ii. 193.
-Bishop of Nice, his works and character, ii. 488; an eminent polemic divine in xiv cent. 494. Theophilus, Bishop of Antioch, his works, i. 148 and q; his exposition of the four Gospels lost, 152.
Theophilus, Bishop of Alexandria, why he expels the monks of Nitria from their residence, i. 300; illustrious by his op- position against Origen and his adhe- rents, 354.
the Emperor, his zeal against image worship in ix cent. ii. 45. Theophylact, Patriarch of Greece, his in- famous character, ii. 93 and o. Theophylact, of Bulgaria, the most eminent expositor among the Greeks in xi cent. ii. 199.
Theosophists, a sect of philosophers, their origin in xvi cent. and whence, iii. 124; character and opinions, ibid. and r; their contest with Des Cartes, and mo- deration, iii. 440.
Therapeuta, a sect among the Jews, and whether a branch of the Essenes, i. 48; were neither Christians nor Egyptians, according to the opinions of some con- cerning them, ibid.
Theresa, a Spanish lady, reforms the Car- melites or White Friars in xvi cent. iii. 148; her associate in this arduous at- tempt, who, ibid. the success she met with, and hence the division of the Carmelites into two branches, ibid. and r; is sainted in xvii cent. by Gregory XV. iii. 549,
Thessalonica, Simeon of, account of his works, ii. 546,
Theurgy, an art adopted by Ammonius's followers, what, i. 143.
Thomas, Bishop of Heraclea, his second Syriac version of the New Testament, i. 459 and z.
of Strasburg, a Scholastic divine in xiv cent. ii. 488. Thomasius, vehemently attacks the Peri- patetics in xvii cent. iv. 18; his views, and success of his philosophy at Hall and other places, 19 and t.
Thorn, a famous meeting, called the Chari- table Conference, held here in xvii cent. by eminent doctors of the Reformed Lu- theran and Romish Churches, iii. 467. Tiberius, proposed Christ to be enrolled among the Gods, i. 63 and c. Tien, Shangti, supreme object of worship among the Chinese, 402; its meaning and dispute thereon, ibid. Chinese mis- sionaries permitted by Clement XI. to use this word in making converts, and why, iv. 185.
Tilbury, Gervais of, his character and works, ii, 340 and o. Timotheus, his confutation of the various heresies in vii cent. i. 462.
the Nestorian Pontiff, propa- gates the Gospel with great success in Hyrcania and Tartary in viii cent. i. 477.
Tindal, his deism, and hypothesis of, iv. 188 and c.
Titelman, Francis, his commentary on
St. Paul's Epistles, and character of it, iii. 160.
Titius, defends the reputation of Callixtus after his death, iv. 34.
Toland, John, his character and works, iii. 422, answers to them, ibid. and ƒ; account of his Pantheisticon, 428 u.
his infamous character and deisti- cal principles, iv. 188 and c. Toleration, the act in favour of the Non- conformists in England under William III. iv. 110 and h.
Torgau, famous convocation held at, in xvi cent. iii. 252 and x; consequences of it, ibid. 253.
Tostatus, Alphonsus, his works and cha- racter, ii. 548; voluminous commenta- ries on the Scriptures worthy of little notice, 556.
Tournon, Cardinal, carries into China the severe edict of Pope Clement XI. against the use of Chinese rites, and the zeal with which he puts it in execution, iv. 185; is cast into prison by the Chi- nese Emperor, and dies there, ibid. Trajan, a short character of him, i. 123; prohibits all anonymous libels against the Christians, 124; persecution of the Christians under him, 130; his order to Pliny, and its effects, ibid. a great pa- tron of learning, 136.
Transubstantiation, doctrine of, introduced by Innocent Ill. in xiii cent. ii. 403; adopted by the Greek church in xvii cent. ii. 555; attacked by John Claude, with Arnaud's defence of its antiquity, ibid. other stratagems to prove its anti- quity, ibid. 556, k, l.
Transylvania, Socinianism publicly esta- blished there, and how, iii. 371. Trapesond, George of, translates several Grecian authors into Latin, and is a learned advocate for the Latins in xv. cent. ii. 547.
Trent, the project of a council there re- newed, iii. 88; conditions on which Maurice, Elector of Saxony, consented to it, 89 c; necessary steps taken by the Protestants for providing against events, 89; congregation for interpret- ing decrees of this council, 154; the council for what assembled, and its de- cisions censured, 155; its decrees how far acknowledged by the members of the church of Rome, 156; afford no clear and perfect knowledge of the Ro- mish faith, 157 and k; measures taken by it to prevent the reading of the Scriptures, 158; forbid all interpreta tions of them contrary to, or different from, the sense adopted by the church, 159 and m.
Trials of innocence in ix cent. by cold water, ii. 63 and f; by single combat, fire ordeal, and the cross, 63, 64 sub. not. f; whence these methods of de-
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