heavenly bodies, and this accounted for, 34 and m; the rites and sacrifices they paid to these deities various, ibid. had stated times and places for this worship, 35; their mysteries infamous, ibid. religion did not inspire its votaries with the love of virtue, ibid. why re- jected, 36; promoted universal corrup- tion, ibid. and x; the two arguments used by their crafty priests in defence of their religion, 37.
Pajon, Claude, attempts to modify the doc- trine of the Reformed Church, iv. 86; this assertion corrected, ibid. u; his sentiments misrepresented by his ad- versaries, 87, 88 and y; his own decla- ration, 89 and z; tenets condemned as heterodox. ibid.
Palæologus, Jacob, maintains Budnæus's doctrine, and is burned at Rome, iii. 381.
Palamas, Gregory, Archbishop of Thessa- lonica, supports the doctrine of the Quietists in xiv cent. ii. 498; and pre- vails in several councils at Constantino- ple, ibid. and 499; his notions concern- ing the divine operation, ibid. Palatinate, decline of the Protestants in xvii cent. iv. 70 and t. Palestine, its two religions the Jewish and Samaritan, much corrupted among the people at our Saviour's coming in- to the world, i. 45; division into various sects among the learned, ibid. the de- cline of the Christians here in xii cent. ii. 234.
Palladius, writes the Lausiac history, and whence this name, i. 278 and e; his mission among the Scots (Irish) not at- tended with desired success in v cent. i. 336 and q; his works and character,
Pandulph, Legate of Pope Innocent III.
his artful and insolent behaviour to John of England, ii. 354.
Panormitanus, Antonius, revives Latin poety in xv cent. ii. 513. Pantanus, is said to convert the Indians
in ii cent. and the fact examined, i. 124; his version of the Scriptures lost, 152. Pantheists, account of this impious sect, iii. 428, and u; most eminent members among them, 429 and w, x, y. Papal power saved from ruin by the force of the secular arm and imperial edicts in xvi cent. iii. 74. Papin, Isaac, propagates the doctrine of Pajon, and reduces it to two proposi- tions iv. 89; refuted by Jurieu, and condemned and excommunicated, 90; turns Roman Catholic, ibid. Paracelsistic fire, philosophy, its state in xvii cent. iii. 436. Paracelsists, eminent in xvi cent. iii. 221: aim at the subversion of the Peripatetic VOL. IV.
philosophy, ibid. get footing in England and France, and other countries, with their motives, 222 and x. Paracelsus, Theophrastus, a supposed In- fidel, iii. 119; his character as a phi losopher, 123; founds the philosophical sect of Theosophists, 124; makes great improvements in chymistry, 123 q. Paris, council assembled at, by Lewis the Meek, rejects Pope Adrian's letter in favour of image worship, i. 524.
frequented in xii cent. for its emi- nent divines, ii. 390; various sects of divines here, ibid. the first European University founded at in xiii cent. and whence this name, ii. 338; severe disci- pline in it, 339; academy of sciences flourishes in xvii cent. iii. 482. Paris, Matthew, an eminent historian in xiii cent. ii. 340.
William of, a metaphysical divine in xiii cent. ii. 400.
John of, his great character, ii. 401 and n.
Abbe de, pretended miracles wrought at his tomb, iii. 527, 528 n. Parthenius, patriach of Constantinople in xvii cent. iii. 554; opposes the preten- sions of Rome, which desists from fur ther attempts, ibid.
Paruta, his errors, iii. 359 and i; a mem- ber of the secret assemblies at Venice and Vicenza, 360.
Pasaginians, circumcised, name of a sectin xii cent. ii. 319; their great aversion to the church of Rome, ibid. two distin guishing tenets, ibid.
Pascal II. Pope, renews the disputes con cerning investitures, ii. 257; imprison- ed by the Emperor, 259; resigns the Ring and Crosier, ibid. breaks the con vention with the Emperor, and excom- municates him, ibid. is condemned by a council at Rome, ibid. b; and dies, 260.
illustrates the doctrine of Des Car- tes, iii. 507, account of his Provincial Letters, 515, w; a patron of the Jan- senists, 526.
Passau pacific treaty with the Protestants, iii. 91; some of its principal articles, ibid. d.
Paterinus, a common name given to all Heretics in xi cent. ii. 167; origin of it, ibid. r.
Paterius's exposition of the Old and New Testament, a compilation only from Gregory the Great, i. 459 and y. Patriarchs, the nature of their office ex plained, i. 147; their creation, whence, 270; Bishop of Rome their prince, 272; their number increased in v cent ii. 348; their privileges considered, ibid. not universally acknowledged, ibid. inconveniences arising from the
Paul, called to be an Apostle by Christ himself, i. 61; his extraordinary charac- ter, ibid.
the first hermit, i. 216; if properly styled the founder of the Mystics, ibid. of Samosata, founder of a sect of heretics, i. 239; his errors about the Trinity, ibid.
the Deacon, his fame and works in viii cent. i. 507.
II. Pope, his mixed character, ii. 540 and p.
Paul III. Pope, proposes to call a general council at Mantua, iii. 77; the place objected against, and why, 78 and l, m; his proposals for a reformation more specious than real, 83 and w; dispute about his character, 142 e.
IV. Caraffa, Pope, his character and arrogance, iii. 143 and e; founder of the Theatins, 149.
V. Borghese, Pope, his character, iii. 449; contest with the Venetians, 450; the occasion and important pieces on both sides, ibid. b.
Vincent de, founder of the priests of the missions in xvii cent. iii. 502; is sainted, ibid.
Paulicians, controversy of the Greeks
with them in vii cent. i. 464; a sect in ix cent. ii. 66; persecuted by the Greek Emperors, and consequences, 56; their deplorable state under the Empress Theodora, ibid. meet with protection from the Saracens, and under the com- mand of Carbeas carry on a bloody war against the Greeks, ibid. 68 and p; their doctrine propagated with success among the Bulgarians, ibid. and q; whether Manichæans or not, consider- ed, ibid. their opinions in six articles, 69, 70, 71, and x, y, z; miserable state under the Greeks in xi cent. 219; take refuge in Europe, 220; their reforma- tion attempted, and warmly pursued by the Emperor Alexius, ibid. where first settled, ibid. and o; different names, 221 and p, q, r; their first assembly at Orleans, with their abettors, 222; hav- ing rejected lenient methods used for their conviction, are condemned to be burned alive, ibid. their principles seem to be mystic, ibid. and u; another branch converted by Gerhard, and par
ticular tenets, 223; and why adopted by some, 225.
Paulinus, of Aquileia, his character and works, i. 507.
Bishop of Nola, his works, i.
Peasants, their horrid war in xvi cent. and the occasion, iii. 50, 51, and b; their claims made religious by Munzer, with their different demands, ibid. their out- rages not chargeable on Luther's doc trine, 52; defeated at Mulhausen, and their ringleader Munzer put to death, ibid.
Peckham, John de, a metaphysical divine in xiii cent. ii. 400. Pelagianism, its rise in v cent. i. 391. Pelagians, their tenets, i. 392 and a; sup- pressed by Augustin's writings, ibid. progress of their opinions in the East, ibid. condemned in Gaul, England, and Africa, 393.
Pelagius, account of him, i. 391; his cha- racter unfairly represented by Jerome, ibid. z; and impartially stated by Au- gustin, ibid. appeals to the court of Rome, 393 and d; condemned there by Zosimus, ibid.
Pellican, a writer in xvi cent. iii. 319. Penance, which had been long neglected, is restored in vii cent. by Theodore of Tarsus, i. 461 and c.
Penitents, first allowed private confession by Leo the Great, i. 371.
Penn, William, procures a toleration for the Quakers under James II. and ac- count of, iv. 150 and r; settles - the Quakers in Pennsylvania, which was granted him by Charles II. and so na- med from him, 151; his character, ibid. and t; flourishing state of Pennsylva- nia, ibid. endeavours to digest Quaker- ism into a regular form, 154; his wri- tings, ibid. sub. not. b.
Pennafort, Raymond de, his decretals, and the fame acquired by them in xiii cent. ii. 346; his polemic works against the Jews and Saracens, 412; is sainted in xvii cent. iii. 549. Pennsylvania, province of America, Qua- kers established there, and whence its name, iv. 151.
People, their right of choosing their rulers and teachers in the primitive church, i. 87; seem to have purchased this right by their oblations, ibid.
Pepin usurps the crown of France in víii cent. i. 495; is supported by Pope Za- chary, 496 and q; anointed and crown- ed by Stephen, ibid. and r; his donation to the see of Rome, 497. Peraldus, William, his works, and the fame he acquired, ii. 401 and m. Perezius, attacks and refutes the Jews în XV cent. ii. 559.
Peripatetics, flourish in xvii cent. iii. 436; meet with formidable adversaries in Des Cartes and Gassendi, iv. 17. Perkins, William, his treatises on morality and character, iii. 312 and o. Perrault, account of his book on the mo- rality of the Jesuits, iii. 515, sub. not. w. Perieres, Bonaventure des, a supposed in- fidel in xvi cent. iii. 119.
Persia, three persecutions there by Sapor II. against the Christians, i. 265. Peter, Bishop of Ravenna, whence called Chrysologus, i. 356 and t.
Fullo, Fuller, rejects an opinion of Eutyches, which he modifies, and ex- cites troubles in the church i. 387; founder of the sect called Theopas- chites, ibid. and l.
his superstitious zeal for a war to the Holy Land, ii. 122; forged letters from Heaven, to animate Christians in the eause, 123; assembles a council at Pla- centia, and recommends the expedition against the Saracens of Palestine, ibid. leads a principal division of the army, and is defeated, 124, 125.
's Pence, what, and why so called. ii. 162 e.
of Celle, attacks the Scholastics in xii cent. ii. 294.
the Chanter, opposes the Schoolmen, ii. 294 and o. Peter de Vineis, an account of the book said to be written by him, ii. 335.
I. Emperor of Russia, introduces a change into the Russian church, iii. 558; a patron of the Arts and Sciences, ibid. abolishes the penal laws against religious differences, and declares him- self supreme head of the church, 559; establishes a synod at Petersburg, ibid. Petersen, John William, his inventions and reveries in xvii cent. iv. 50; strange doc- trine, and success, 51 and s. Petit, his doctrine concerning the lawful-
ness of putting a tyrant to death, ii. 530; and condemned as a detestable heresy in the council of Constance, and by the university of Paris, 531.
Petrarch, zealous in reviving the study of the learned languages in xiv cent. ii. 449. Petrobrussians, a sect in xii cent. ii. 311; doctrine held by them, ibid. and w.
Petrucci, Cardinal, a disciple of Molinos, iii. 544.
Petrus, Comestor, his abridgment of the Scriptures, ii. 283. Peucer, attempts to reform Lutheranism, substituting Calvinism in its place, iii. 251; his character, and sufferings, 250
; writings to promote his design, 251 t; convocations by Augustus at Dres- den, ibid. and at Torgaw, with the issue, 252 and x; imprisoned, but is after- ward released, 253.
Peyrere, Isaac la, his strange doctrine, iii. 546, is cast into prison, renounces his errors publicly, and turns Papist, 547. Pezelius, his catechism favourable to the sentiments of Calvin, iii. 252.
Pfaff, Matthew, zealous in projecting a union between the Lutherans and Re- formed in xvii cent. and good charac- ter, iv. 205 and t; opposed by the Lu- therans, ibid.
Pharisees, their tenets, i. 46; moral doc- trines, 49; bad influence, ibid. Philadelphia, whence so called, iv. 151. Philadelphian society, founded in xvii cent. and by whom, iv. 181; opinions, and chief members, ibid.
Philip, father and son, Emperors, favour Christianity, i. 192; whether Christians themselves, 193 and d.
the Solitary, an eminent moral writer in xvii cent. 297.
the Fair, king of France, his con- test with Boniface VIII. ii. 453; vigo- rously opposes papal power, ibid. charges the Pope with enormous vices, 454; sends William de Nogaret to seize the Pope's person, ibid. insists on the formal condemnation of Boniface, and procures the removal of the papal residence from Rome to Avignon, 455.
of Hesse, unjustly detained prison- er by the Emperor Charles V. iii. 85; the perfidious behaviour of the latter on this account, with the doubt concerning it, ibid. and y.
Philip, Theodore, the chief of those who excited commotions in xvi cent. con- cerning excommunication, iii. 335. Philippicus, Bardanes, Emperor of the Greeks, espouses the cause of the Mo- nothelites, i. 516; orders a picture, re- presenting the council that condemned this sect, to be removed out of the church of St. Sophia, ibid. commands that no images of this nature be placed in the Latin churches, ibid. his edict rejected by Constantine the Roman pontiff, who excommunicates the Em- peror, ibid. is deprived of the empire, ibid.
Philology, its flourishing state in xvi cent. iii. 120; its great importance, 121 and
m: cultivated among the Lutherans in xvii cent. iv. 26.
Philosophers, obscure the truth, i. 40; Ori- ental, their first principles, 78; divided in sentiments, 79; opinions concerning the Deity, ibid. origin of the world, 80; the state and destination of human souls, 81; some converted to Chris- tianity, and their conversion if advan- tageous, considered, 129; their efforts in iv cent. against Christianity, 260; prejudices thereby received, ibid. who these are, 261; two great sects of them
in xvii cent. iii. 442; who adopt nei- ther metaphysical, nor mathematical systems, 447.
Philosophical sin, the doctrine of, what, iii. 170.
Philosophy, two kinds prevailed at Christ's birth, i. 39; the Eastern not much known, 76; Oriental, properly so call- ed, what, 77; the success of the Plato-. nic due to Plotinus in iii cent. 204; Platonic, most prevalent in iv cent. 266; promoted by Julian, 267; its pro- gress prevented by the incursions of the Goths, 344, 345; Aristotelian, re- vived in v cent. 345; but decried in vi cent. 407; its deplorable state in vii cent. 451; Aristotelian flourishes in viii cent. 486; revived in ix cent. chiefly by the encouragement of Bardas, ii. 11; confined within the circle of the Dia- lectics in xi cent. 140 and m; encou- raged among the Greeks in xii cent. ii. 247 and a; three different methods of teaching it in this cent. 253; Astrology mixed with it in xiv cent. and consider ed as magic, with the event, 451, 452; Platonic in high esteem in xv cent. 514; Aristotelian, dangerous to Revealed re- ligion, 516, its state in xvi cent. iii. 121; in xvii cent. iv. 16. Philostratus's comparison of Christ with Apollonius Tyanneus, i. 201; its perni- cious con sequences, 202. Philotheus, his works, ii. 488. Philoxenus, Bishop of Alexandria, rejects Eutyches's opinion, and modifies it, i. 387.
the Syrian, his translations of part of the Scriptures into the Syriac language, i. 420.
Phocas, made emperor by unjust means in
vii cent. i. 452; engages to give the Pope the title of Universal Bishop, ibid. Photinus, Bishop of Sirmium, author of a heretical sect, in iv cent. i. 325; his erroneous notions concerning the Tri- nity, ibid. is degraded, and dies in ex- ile, ibid.
Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, his learning, ii. 10; explains Aristotle, 11; his works and character, 29; exposition of Scripture, not to be recommend- ed as a model to other commenta- tors, 38 and o, p; first controversy be- tween the Greeks and Latins on this account, 57; mutual excommunica- tions, ibid. the second contest, in which he is degraded, 58; engages the Bishops to espouse his cause, as a pub- lic cause of the church, 59; brings ar- ticles of heresy against the Latins, ibid. 60 and y; which are answered, ibid. is restored to his See by Basilius the Macedonian, and with the consent of the Pope, ibid. neglecting to fulfil the conditions made with the Pope, is ex- communicated, and again degraded,
ibid. the Pope's unjust demands reject÷ ed by the Greeks, 61; hence disputes arose, which ended in a total separation between the Greeks and Latins, ibid. Phranza, George, his works, ii. 547. Pichon, the Jesuit, renews the dispute concerning the frequent receiving of the Eucharist, iii. 172; is censured by the French Bishops for it, ibid.
Pictet, a French writer, in xvii cent. iv. 76; his moral writings, ibid. Pietism, controversy concerning its rise in xvii cent. iv. 38; by whom begun, 38, 39; Spener's private meetings, and his noble design in them, 38; his book of Pious Desire, for promoting vital reli- gion, with abuses thereon, ibid. com- plaints against it, ibid. and commotions at Leipsic, ibid. biblical colleges found- ed, by whom, and for what end, the name of Pietist to whom applied, 40, progress of these debates, ibid. extra- vagant fanaticism, and consequence, 41, 42 and m; debates carried on with Spener and the divines of Halle, 42, subject of these debates, 43; first, a thorough reformation of the divinity schools proposed, ibid. disputes that hence arose, 44; the second great ob- ject of debate, whence arose endless controversies, ibid. and 45; these Pie- tists proceed still further in two points, with the objections to them, ibid. and 46; the third principal object which they insisted on, ibid. various charac- ters of these reformers, who endea- voured to promote piety at the expense of truth, 47.
Pietists, their order founded in xvii cent. iii. 503.
reformed, account of, iv. 40; laws enacted against them, 42; their state in xviii cent. iv. 201, 202.
Pilatus, Leontius, his zeal in reviving the study of the Greek language in xiv cent. ii. 448.
Pin, Dr. Ellis du, exposes the injustice of the papal claims, iii. 486; account of the correspondence carried on between him and Archbishop Wake, relative to a project of union between the Eng- lish and Gallican churches, iv. 230, 231. See Wake.
Pisa, the famous council assembled at in XV cent. to terminate the divisions in the papal empire, ii. 519 ; is unsuccess- ful, ibid.
Pisanus, Raynerius, his summary of Theo logy, ii. 489.
Piscator, John, his doctrine concerning the obedience of Christ, iv. 81; is adopted by the Romish church, and the Reform- ed in France, 82 ii, k. Pisides, Gregory, his works, i. 456. Pistorius writes against the treaty of Pas sau, iii. 215. Pius IL. Pope, his character, ii. 538; ob
tains the abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction, 539 and n; his impudent re- traction of former opinions, 540; en- joins silence on the worship of Christ's blood, 561.
Pius IV. Pope, an account of, iii. 143.
V. eminent for his austerity, and sainted, iii. 143 g. Place, M. de la, his opinions concerning original sin, and contests occasioned by it in xvii cent. iv. 85; condemned by the Synod of Charenton, yet are re- ceived by many, ibid. churches of Switzerland alarmed at the progress of his opinions, with their proceedings against him, 125.
Placette, La, his moral works, iv. 76. Planudes, Maximus, his character, ii. 447.
Plato, his notions concerning the Deity, i. 41; the defects of his philosophy, ib. an accusation against him not strictly true, ibid. h; his works translated into Latin by Victorinus, i. 343; greatly ad- mired in v cent. 344; his Timæus more commended than understood in x cent. ii. 90; his opinions by whom adopted in xii cent. 247; philosophy revived in xv cent. 514.
Platonics, their tenets, i. 41; defects, ibid. schools more frequented than those of the Stoics, 137; new, their rise in Egypt in ii cent. 138, why so called, and their seeming candour, 138; whence styled Eclectics, ibid. their discipline approved by Christians, 139, prefer Plato to all others, ibid. the principles of their philosophy, as im- proved by Ammonius, 140; and its chief articles, 141; and moral disci- pline, 142; flourish in iii cent. 204; some converted to Christianity, 207 ; their state in iv cent. 266; principles adopted by expositors of Scripture, 281; their state in v cent. i. 344; op- pose Christianity by their writings, in vi cent. 401; their suppression, 408. Platonists, their attempts against Chris- tianity in iii cent. i. 200; different sects among them, 206.
Pletho, Gemistius, promotes the Platonic philosophy in xv cent. ii. 514; and the Greek language, 548.
Plotinus, his doctrine universally propa- gated in iii cent. i. 205 and k; opposes the Gnostics with the Christians, and whence, 230.
Plutarch, his character, i. 136; renews the celebrated academy at Athens in iii cent, 205.
Pockesius, heads the spiritual libertines in x vcent. iii. 314.
Podoniptæ, Mennonites, so called, and whence, iii. 345.
Poiret, Peter, a follower and defender of Bourignon, his mixed character, and re-
Polliac, John de, opposes the Mendicants in xvi cent. ii. 467; his opinions con- demned by Pope John XXII. ib. and e. Polycarp, his epistle to the Philippians disputed, i. 96 and d; suffers martyr- dom in ii cent. under Antoninus, 133; confers with Anicet about the time of keeping Easter, 168. Pomeranians, converted to Christianity in xii cent. by Otho, Bishop of Bamberg, ii. 227, 228; receive Albert for their first Bishop, ibid.
Pomerius, Julian, his confutation of the Jews, and other works, i. 457; his vain attempts to reconeile the seeming con- tradictions in Scripture, 458.
Pomponace, Peter, an eminent sophist in xv cent. ii. 516, his opinions not very different from the notions of the Pan- theists, ibid.
Pomponatus, a supposed infidel in xvi cent. iii. 119.
Pongilup, Armannus, his fame and piety, ii. 391; reasons to believe him not the founder of the Fratricelli, ibid. p. Pontius, of Nola, his good character and works, i. 356 and s.
Popes, Roman Pontiffs, when first distin- guished by a certain pre-eminence over other Bishops, i. 208; in what sense this superiority must be understood, ibid. their power in iv cent. whence, 272; the double election and its melan- choly consequence, 273; the limits of their authority, ibid. steps laid for their future despotism, 274; the fourth council of Sardis is supposed to favour it, ibid. their jurisdiction how increased in v cent. i. 350; supremacy not ac- knowledged by the Africans and others, 351; contest with the Bishop of Con- stantinople for unlimited supremacy, 410; are subject to the control of the Gothic princes, 411; obtain the title of Universal Bishops from the tyrant Phocas in vii cent. 452; their views of universal power opposed, and by whom, and the consequences, 452, 453; subject to the emperors, ibid. raised to the dignity of temporal princes by the usurper Pepin, 497 and t; the nature of their jurisdiction under Charlemagne, 500, 501 and z, a; their dignity lessened by the Grecian emperors, 502; and made subordinate to them and the Latin monarchs, 504, 505; and limited by the
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