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heavenly bodies, and this accounted
for, 34 and m; the rites and sacrifices
they paid to these deities various, ibid.
had stated times and places for this
worship, 35; their mysteries infamous,
ibid. religion did not inspire its votaries
with the love of virtue, ibid. why re-
jected, 36; promoted universal corrup-
tion, ibid. and x; the two arguments
used by their crafty priests in defence
of their religion, 37.

Pajon, Claude, attempts to modify the doc-
trine of the Reformed Church, iv. 86;
this assertion corrected, ibid. u; his
sentiments misrepresented by his ad-
versaries, 87, 88 and y; his own decla-
ration, 89 and z; tenets condemned as
heterodox. ibid.

Palæologus, Jacob, maintains Budnæus's
doctrine, and is burned at Rome, iii.
381.

Palamas, Gregory, Archbishop of Thessa-
lonica, supports the doctrine of the
Quietists in xiv cent. ii. 498; and pre-
vails in several councils at Constantino-
ple, ibid. and 499; his notions concern-
ing the divine operation, ibid.
Palatinate, decline of the Protestants in
xvii cent. iv. 70 and t.
Palestine, its two religions the Jewish
and Samaritan, much corrupted among
the people at our Saviour's coming in-
to the world, i. 45; division into various
sects among the learned, ibid. the de-
cline of the Christians here in xii cent.
ii. 234.

Palladius, writes the Lausiac history, and
whence this name, i. 278 and e; his
mission among the Scots (Irish) not at-
tended with desired success in v cent. i.
336 and q; his works and character,

354.

Pandulph, Legate of Pope Innocent III.

his artful and insolent behaviour to John
of England, ii. 354.

Panormitanus, Antonius, revives Latin
poety in xv cent. ii. 513.
Pantanus, is said to convert the Indians

in ii cent. and the fact examined, i. 124;
his version of the Scriptures lost, 152.
Pantheists, account of this impious sect,
iii. 428, and u; most eminent members
among them, 429 and w, x, y.
Papal power saved from ruin by the force
of the secular arm and imperial edicts
in xvi cent. iii. 74.
Papin, Isaac, propagates the doctrine of
Pajon, and reduces it to two proposi-
tions iv. 89; refuted by Jurieu, and
condemned and excommunicated, 90;
turns Roman Catholic, ibid.
Paracelsistic fire, philosophy, its state in
xvii cent. iii. 436.
Paracelsists, eminent in xvi cent. iii. 221:
aim at the subversion of the Peripatetic
VOL. IV.

57

philosophy, ibid. get footing in England
and France, and other countries, with
their motives, 222 and x.
Paracelsus, Theophrastus, a supposed In-
fidel, iii. 119; his character as a phi
losopher, 123; founds the philosophical
sect of Theosophists, 124; makes great
improvements in chymistry, 123 q.
Paris, council assembled at, by Lewis the
Meek, rejects Pope Adrian's letter in
favour of image worship, i. 524.

frequented in xii cent. for its emi-
nent divines, ii. 390; various sects of
divines here, ibid. the first European
University founded at in xiii cent. and
whence this name, ii. 338; severe disci-
pline in it, 339; academy of sciences
flourishes in xvii cent. iii. 482.
Paris, Matthew, an eminent historian in
xiii cent. ii. 340.

William of, a metaphysical divine
in xiii cent. ii. 400.

John of, his great character, ii. 401
and n.

Abbe de, pretended miracles wrought
at his tomb, iii. 527, 528 n.
Parthenius, patriach of Constantinople in
xvii cent. iii. 554; opposes the preten-
sions of Rome, which desists from fur
ther attempts, ibid.

Paruta, his errors, iii. 359 and i; a mem-
ber of the secret assemblies at Venice
and Vicenza, 360.

Pasaginians, circumcised, name of a sectin
xii cent. ii. 319; their great aversion to
the church of Rome, ibid. two distin
guishing tenets, ibid.

Pascal II. Pope, renews the disputes con
cerning investitures, ii. 257; imprison-
ed by the Emperor, 259; resigns the
Ring and Crosier, ibid. breaks the con
vention with the Emperor, and excom-
municates him, ibid. is condemned by
a council at Rome, ibid. b; and dies,
260.

illustrates the doctrine of Des Car-
tes, iii. 507, account of his Provincial
Letters, 515, w; a patron of the Jan-
senists, 526.

Passau pacific treaty with the Protestants,
iii. 91; some of its principal articles,
ibid. d.

Paterinus, a common name given to all
Heretics in xi cent. ii. 167; origin of it,
ibid. r.

Paterius's exposition of the Old and New
Testament, a compilation only from
Gregory the Great, i. 459 and y.
Patriarchs, the nature of their office ex
plained, i. 147; their creation, whence,
270; Bishop of Rome their prince,
272; their number increased in v cent
ii. 348; their privileges considered,
ibid. not universally acknowledged,
ibid. inconveniences arising from the

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187.

Paul, called to be an Apostle by Christ
himself, i. 61; his extraordinary charac-
ter, ibid.

the first hermit, i. 216; if properly
styled the founder of the Mystics, ibid.
of Samosata, founder of a sect of
heretics, i. 239; his errors about the
Trinity, ibid.

the Deacon, his fame and works in
viii cent. i. 507.

II. Pope, his mixed character, ii.
540 and p.

Paul III. Pope, proposes to call a general
council at Mantua, iii. 77; the place
objected against, and why, 78 and l, m;
his proposals for a reformation more
specious than real, 83 and w; dispute
about his character, 142 e.

IV. Caraffa, Pope, his character and
arrogance, iii. 143 and e; founder of
the Theatins, 149.

V. Borghese, Pope, his character,
iii. 449; contest with the Venetians,
450; the occasion and important pieces
on both sides, ibid. b.

Vincent de, founder of the priests
of the missions in xvii cent. iii. 502; is
sainted, ibid.

Paulicians, controversy of the Greeks

with them in vii cent. i. 464; a sect in
ix cent. ii. 66; persecuted by the Greek
Emperors, and consequences, 56; their
deplorable state under the Empress
Theodora, ibid. meet with protection
from the Saracens, and under the com-
mand of Carbeas carry on a bloody war
against the Greeks, ibid. 68 and p;
their doctrine propagated with success
among the Bulgarians, ibid. and q;
whether Manichæans or not, consider-
ed, ibid. their opinions in six articles,
69, 70, 71, and x, y, z; miserable state
under the Greeks in xi cent. 219; take
refuge in Europe, 220; their reforma-
tion attempted, and warmly pursued by
the Emperor Alexius, ibid. where first
settled, ibid. and o; different names,
221 and p, q, r; their first assembly at
Orleans, with their abettors, 222; hav-
ing rejected lenient methods used for
their conviction, are condemned to be
burned alive, ibid. their principles seem
to be mystic, ibid. and u; another
branch converted by Gerhard, and par

ticular tenets, 223; and why adopted by
some, 225.

Paulinus, of Aquileia, his character and
works, i. 507.

280.

Bishop of Nola, his works, i.

Peasants, their horrid war in xvi cent. and
the occasion, iii. 50, 51, and b; their
claims made religious by Munzer, with
their different demands, ibid. their out-
rages not chargeable on Luther's doc
trine, 52; defeated at Mulhausen, and
their ringleader Munzer put to death,
ibid.

Peckham, John de, a metaphysical divine
in xiii cent. ii. 400.
Pelagianism, its rise in v cent. i. 391.
Pelagians, their tenets, i. 392 and a; sup-
pressed by Augustin's writings, ibid.
progress of their opinions in the East,
ibid. condemned in Gaul, England, and
Africa, 393.

Pelagius, account of him, i. 391; his cha-
racter unfairly represented by Jerome,
ibid. z; and impartially stated by Au-
gustin, ibid. appeals to the court of
Rome, 393 and d; condemned there by
Zosimus, ibid.

Pellican, a writer in xvi cent. iii. 319.
Penance, which had been long neglected,
is restored in vii cent. by Theodore of
Tarsus, i. 461 and c.

Penitents, first allowed private confession
by Leo the Great, i. 371.

Penn, William, procures a toleration for
the Quakers under James II. and ac-
count of, iv. 150 and r; settles - the
Quakers in Pennsylvania, which was
granted him by Charles II. and so na-
med from him, 151; his character, ibid.
and t; flourishing state of Pennsylva-
nia, ibid. endeavours to digest Quaker-
ism into a regular form, 154; his wri-
tings, ibid. sub. not. b.

Pennafort, Raymond de, his decretals, and
the fame acquired by them in xiii cent.
ii. 346; his polemic works against the
Jews and Saracens, 412; is sainted in
xvii cent. iii. 549.
Pennsylvania, province of America, Qua-
kers established there, and whence its
name, iv. 151.

People, their right of choosing their rulers
and teachers in the primitive church, i.
87; seem to have purchased this right
by their oblations, ibid.

Pepin usurps the crown of France in víii
cent. i. 495; is supported by Pope Za-
chary, 496 and q; anointed and crown-
ed by Stephen, ibid. and r; his donation
to the see of Rome, 497.
Peraldus, William, his works, and the
fame he acquired, ii. 401 and m.
Perezius, attacks and refutes the Jews în
XV cent. ii. 559.

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Peripatetics, flourish in xvii cent. iii. 436;
meet with formidable adversaries in
Des Cartes and Gassendi, iv. 17.
Perkins, William, his treatises on morality
and character, iii. 312 and o.
Perrault, account of his book on the mo-
rality of the Jesuits, iii. 515, sub. not. w.
Perieres, Bonaventure des, a supposed in-
fidel in xvi cent. iii. 119.

Persia, three persecutions there by Sapor
II. against the Christians, i. 265.
Peter, Bishop of Ravenna, whence called
Chrysologus, i. 356 and t.

Fullo, Fuller, rejects an opinion of
Eutyches, which he modifies, and ex-
cites troubles in the church i. 387;
founder of the sect called Theopas-
chites, ibid. and l.

his superstitious zeal for a war to the
Holy Land, ii. 122; forged letters from
Heaven, to animate Christians in the
eause, 123; assembles a council at Pla-
centia, and recommends the expedition
against the Saracens of Palestine, ibid.
leads a principal division of the army,
and is defeated, 124, 125.

's Pence, what, and why so called. ii.
162 e.

of Celle, attacks the Scholastics in
xii cent. ii. 294.

the Chanter, opposes the Schoolmen,
ii. 294 and o.
Peter de Vineis, an account of the book
said to be written by him, ii. 335.

I. Emperor of Russia, introduces a
change into the Russian church, iii.
558; a patron of the Arts and Sciences,
ibid. abolishes the penal laws against
religious differences, and declares him-
self supreme head of the church, 559;
establishes a synod at Petersburg, ibid.
Petersen, John William, his inventions and
reveries in xvii cent. iv. 50; strange doc-
trine, and success, 51 and s.
Petit, his doctrine concerning the lawful-

ness of putting a tyrant to death, ii. 530;
and condemned as a detestable heresy
in the council of Constance, and by the
university of Paris, 531.

Petrarch, zealous in reviving the study of
the learned languages in xiv cent. ii. 449.
Petrobrussians, a sect in xii cent. ii. 311;
doctrine held by them, ibid. and w.

Petrucci, Cardinal, a disciple of Molinos,
iii. 544.

Petrus, Comestor, his abridgment of the
Scriptures, ii. 283.
Peucer, attempts to reform Lutheranism,
substituting Calvinism in its place, iii.
251; his character, and sufferings, 250

; writings to promote his design, 251
t; convocations by Augustus at Dres-
den, ibid. and at Torgaw, with the issue,
252 and x; imprisoned, but is after-
ward released, 253.

Peyrere, Isaac la, his strange doctrine, iii.
546, is cast into prison, renounces his
errors publicly, and turns Papist, 547.
Pezelius, his catechism favourable to the
sentiments of Calvin, iii. 252.

Pfaff, Matthew, zealous in projecting a
union between the Lutherans and Re-
formed in xvii cent. and good charac-
ter, iv. 205 and t; opposed by the Lu-
therans, ibid.

Pharisees, their tenets, i. 46; moral doc-
trines, 49; bad influence, ibid.
Philadelphia, whence so called, iv. 151.
Philadelphian society, founded in xvii
cent. and by whom, iv. 181; opinions,
and chief members, ibid.

Philip, father and son, Emperors, favour
Christianity, i. 192; whether Christians
themselves, 193 and d.

the Solitary, an eminent moral
writer in xvii cent. 297.

the Fair, king of France, his con-
test with Boniface VIII. ii. 453; vigo-
rously opposes papal power, ibid. charges
the Pope with enormous vices, 454;
sends William de Nogaret to seize
the Pope's person, ibid. insists on
the formal condemnation of Boniface,
and procures the removal of the papal
residence from Rome to Avignon, 455.

of Hesse, unjustly detained prison-
er by the Emperor Charles V. iii. 85;
the perfidious behaviour of the latter on
this account, with the doubt concerning
it, ibid. and y.

Philip, Theodore, the chief of those who
excited commotions in xvi cent. con-
cerning excommunication, iii. 335.
Philippicus, Bardanes, Emperor of the
Greeks, espouses the cause of the Mo-
nothelites, i. 516; orders a picture, re-
presenting the council that condemned
this sect, to be removed out of the
church of St. Sophia, ibid. commands
that no images of this nature be placed
in the Latin churches, ibid. his edict
rejected by Constantine the Roman
pontiff, who excommunicates the Em-
peror, ibid. is deprived of the empire,
ibid.

Philology, its flourishing state in xvi cent.
iii. 120; its great importance, 121 and

m: cultivated among the Lutherans in
xvii cent. iv. 26.

Philosophers, obscure the truth, i. 40; Ori-
ental, their first principles, 78; divided
in sentiments, 79; opinions concerning
the Deity, ibid. origin of the world, 80;
the state and destination of human
souls, 81; some converted to Chris-
tianity, and their conversion if advan-
tageous, considered, 129; their efforts
in iv cent. against Christianity, 260;
prejudices thereby received, ibid. who
these are, 261; two great sects of them

in xvii cent. iii. 442; who adopt nei-
ther metaphysical, nor mathematical
systems, 447.

Philosophical sin, the doctrine of, what,
iii. 170.

Philosophy, two kinds prevailed at Christ's
birth, i. 39; the Eastern not much
known, 76; Oriental, properly so call-
ed, what, 77; the success of the Plato-.
nic due to Plotinus in iii cent. 204;
Platonic, most prevalent in iv cent.
266; promoted by Julian, 267; its pro-
gress prevented by the incursions of
the Goths, 344, 345; Aristotelian, re-
vived in v cent. 345; but decried in vi
cent. 407; its deplorable state in vii
cent. 451; Aristotelian flourishes in viii
cent. 486; revived in ix cent. chiefly
by the encouragement of Bardas, ii. 11;
confined within the circle of the Dia-
lectics in xi cent. 140 and m; encou-
raged among the Greeks in xii cent. ii.
247 and a; three different methods of
teaching it in this cent. 253; Astrology
mixed with it in xiv cent. and consider
ed as magic, with the event, 451, 452;
Platonic in high esteem in xv cent. 514;
Aristotelian, dangerous to Revealed re-
ligion, 516, its state in xvi cent. iii.
121; in xvii cent. iv. 16.
Philostratus's comparison of Christ with
Apollonius Tyanneus, i. 201; its perni-
cious con sequences, 202.
Philotheus, his works, ii. 488.
Philoxenus, Bishop of Alexandria, rejects
Eutyches's opinion, and modifies it, i.
387.

the Syrian, his translations of
part of the Scriptures into the Syriac
language, i. 420.

Phocas, made emperor by unjust means in

vii cent. i. 452; engages to give the
Pope the title of Universal Bishop, ibid.
Photinus, Bishop of Sirmium, author of
a heretical sect, in iv cent. i. 325; his
erroneous notions concerning the Tri-
nity, ibid. is degraded, and dies in ex-
ile, ibid.

Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, his
learning, ii. 10; explains Aristotle, 11;
his works and character, 29; exposition
of Scripture, not to be recommend-
ed as a model to other commenta-
tors, 38 and o, p; first controversy be-
tween the Greeks and Latins on this
account, 57; mutual excommunica-
tions, ibid. the second contest, in
which he is degraded, 58; engages the
Bishops to espouse his cause, as a pub-
lic cause of the church, 59; brings ar-
ticles of heresy against the Latins, ibid.
60 and y; which are answered, ibid.
is restored to his See by Basilius the
Macedonian, and with the consent of
the Pope, ibid. neglecting to fulfil the
conditions made with the Pope, is ex-
communicated, and again degraded,

ibid. the Pope's unjust demands reject÷
ed by the Greeks, 61; hence disputes
arose, which ended in a total separation
between the Greeks and Latins, ibid.
Phranza, George, his works, ii. 547.
Pichon, the Jesuit, renews the dispute
concerning the frequent receiving of the
Eucharist, iii. 172; is censured by the
French Bishops for it, ibid.

Pictet, a French writer, in xvii cent. iv.
76;
his moral writings, ibid.
Pietism, controversy concerning its rise in
xvii cent. iv. 38; by whom begun, 38,
39; Spener's private meetings, and his
noble design in them, 38; his book of
Pious Desire, for promoting vital reli-
gion, with abuses thereon, ibid. com-
plaints against it, ibid. and commotions
at Leipsic, ibid. biblical colleges found-
ed, by whom, and for what end, the
name of Pietist to whom applied, 40,
progress of these debates, ibid. extra-
vagant fanaticism, and consequence,
41, 42 and m; debates carried on with
Spener and the divines of Halle, 42,
subject of these debates, 43; first, a
thorough reformation of the divinity
schools proposed, ibid. disputes that
hence arose, 44; the second great ob-
ject of debate, whence arose endless
controversies, ibid. and 45; these Pie-
tists proceed still further in two points,
with the objections to them, ibid. and
46; the third principal object which
they insisted on, ibid. various charac-
ters of these reformers, who endea-
voured to promote piety at the expense
of truth, 47.

Pietists, their order founded in xvii cent.
iii. 503.

reformed, account of, iv. 40; laws
enacted against them, 42; their state in
xviii cent. iv. 201, 202.

Pilatus, Leontius, his zeal in reviving the
study of the Greek language in xiv
cent. ii. 448.

Pin, Dr. Ellis du, exposes the injustice of
the papal claims, iii. 486; account of
the correspondence carried on between
him and Archbishop Wake, relative to
a project of union between the Eng-
lish and Gallican churches, iv. 230,
231. See Wake.

Pisa, the famous council assembled at in
XV cent. to terminate the divisions in
the papal empire, ii. 519 ; is unsuccess-
ful, ibid.

Pisanus, Raynerius, his summary of Theo
logy, ii. 489.

Piscator, John, his doctrine concerning the
obedience of Christ, iv. 81; is adopted
by the Romish church, and the Reform-
ed in France, 82 ii, k.
Pisides, Gregory, his works, i. 456.
Pistorius writes against the treaty of Pas
sau, iii. 215.
Pius IL. Pope, his character, ii. 538; ob

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tains the abrogation of the Pragmatic
Sanction, 539 and n; his impudent re-
traction of former opinions, 540; en-
joins silence on the worship of Christ's
blood, 561.

Pius IV. Pope, an account of, iii. 143.

V. eminent for his austerity, and
sainted, iii. 143 g.
Place, M. de la, his opinions concerning
original sin, and contests occasioned
by it in xvii cent. iv. 85; condemned
by the Synod of Charenton, yet are re-
ceived by many, ibid. churches of
Switzerland alarmed at the progress of
his opinions, with their proceedings
against him, 125.

Placette, La, his moral works, iv. 76.
Planudes, Maximus, his character, ii.
447.

Plato, his notions concerning the Deity,
i. 41; the defects of his philosophy, ib.
an accusation against him not strictly
true, ibid. h; his works translated into
Latin by Victorinus, i. 343; greatly ad-
mired in v cent. 344; his Timæus
more commended than understood in
x cent. ii. 90; his opinions by whom
adopted in xii cent. 247; philosophy
revived in xv cent. 514.

Platonics, their tenets, i. 41; defects, ibid.
schools more frequented than those of
the Stoics, 137; new, their rise in
Egypt in ii cent. 138, why so called,
and their seeming candour, 138;
whence styled Eclectics, ibid. their
discipline approved by Christians, 139,
prefer Plato to all others, ibid. the
principles of their philosophy, as im-
proved by Ammonius, 140; and its
chief articles, 141; and moral disci-
pline, 142; flourish in iii cent. 204;
some converted to Christianity, 207 ;
their state in iv cent. 266; principles
adopted by expositors of Scripture,
281; their state in v cent. i. 344; op-
pose Christianity by their writings, in
vi cent. 401; their suppression, 408.
Platonists, their attempts against Chris-
tianity in iii cent. i. 200; different sects
among them, 206.

Pletho, Gemistius, promotes the Platonic
philosophy in xv cent. ii. 514; and the
Greek language, 548.

Plotinus, his doctrine universally propa-
gated in iii cent. i. 205 and k; opposes
the Gnostics with the Christians, and
whence, 230.

Plutarch, his character, i. 136; renews
the celebrated academy at Athens in iii
cent, 205.

Pockesius, heads the spiritual libertines in
x vcent. iii. 314.

Podoniptæ, Mennonites, so called, and
whence, iii. 345.

Poiret, Peter, a follower and defender of
Bourignon, his mixed character, and re-

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Polliac, John de, opposes the Mendicants
in xvi cent. ii. 467; his opinions con-
demned by Pope John XXII. ib. and e.
Polycarp, his epistle to the Philippians
disputed, i. 96 and d; suffers martyr-
dom in ii cent. under Antoninus, 133;
confers with Anicet about the time of
keeping Easter, 168.
Pomeranians, converted to Christianity in
xii cent. by Otho, Bishop of Bamberg,
ii. 227, 228; receive Albert for their
first Bishop, ibid.

Pomerius, Julian, his confutation of the
Jews, and other works, i. 457; his vain
attempts to reconeile the seeming con-
tradictions in Scripture, 458.

Pomponace, Peter, an eminent sophist in
xv cent. ii. 516, his opinions not very
different from the notions of the Pan-
theists, ibid.

Pomponatus, a supposed infidel in xvi
cent. iii. 119.

Pongilup, Armannus, his fame and piety,
ii. 391; reasons to believe him not the
founder of the Fratricelli, ibid. p.
Pontius, of Nola, his good character and
works, i. 356 and s.

Popes, Roman Pontiffs, when first distin-
guished by a certain pre-eminence over
other Bishops, i. 208; in what sense
this superiority must be understood,
ibid. their power in iv cent. whence,
272; the double election and its melan-
choly consequence, 273; the limits
of their authority, ibid. steps laid for
their future despotism, 274; the fourth
council of Sardis is supposed to favour
it, ibid. their jurisdiction how increased
in v cent. i. 350; supremacy not ac-
knowledged by the Africans and others,
351; contest with the Bishop of Con-
stantinople for unlimited supremacy,
410; are subject to the control of the
Gothic princes, 411; obtain the title
of Universal Bishops from the tyrant
Phocas in vii cent. 452; their views
of universal power opposed, and by
whom, and the consequences, 452, 453;
subject to the emperors, ibid. raised to
the dignity of temporal princes by the
usurper Pepin, 497 and t; the nature of
their jurisdiction under Charlemagne,
500, 501 and z, a; their dignity lessened
by the Grecian emperors, 502; and
made subordinate to them and the Latin
monarchs, 504, 505; and limited by the

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