the iv cent. given up, but it is denied that miracles had then entirely ceased, 264; on the Trinitarians, oppressed by the Vandals in Africa, in v cent. and the credible witnesses of them, i. 374 and h; dispute among the learned about it, with a reflection thereon, 375, 376, sub. not. said to be performed in vi cent. invalidated by the lives of the converts, 400 their number and reality in viii cent. examined, 483. Misa, Jacobell, a disciple of Huss, ad- ministers the sacraments in both kinds, and this practice deemed heretical, ii. 530, his opinion that infants should re- ceive the Eucharist, 554. Missionaries, their success in barbarous nations, and particularly Jesuits, iii. 386; account of their hardships not too readily to be believed, 392; Capuchins, their success in Africa, 412. Missions, priests of the, founded in xvii cent. and by whom, iii. 502, 503.
account of, in xviii cent. iv. 484; Protestant, and more particularly the Danish, 186.
Mogislaus, Peter, Bishop of Kiow, draws
up a summary of doctrine for the Greek church, which is publicly approved and adopted, iii. 184 and u, w. Molina, Lewis, character of him and his writings iii. 177 and i, k, l. Molinists, controversies with them con- cerning predestination and liberty, iii. 176, 177; accused of renewing the errors of Pelagianism, 177. Molinos, Michael de, excites new contro-
versies in the church, iii. 541; his book entitled the Spiritual Guide, ibid. and h; principles, whence his followers called Quietists, 542; opposed by the Jesuits and the French ambassador, ibid. and i; is obliged to recant and dies in pri- son, 543 and 1; most eminent of his followers, 544.
Monarchy, Fifth Men, their rise and en-
thusiastic notions in xvii cent. iv. 106. Monkery, passes from the East to the West in iv cent. i. 291; where first es- tablished, ibid. q.
Monks, their rise, i. 216, formed into a re- gular body by Antony, in iv. cent. 290; different orders, 291; adopted among the clergy, 293; claim eminent stations in the church, i. 353; observe different rules of discipline, ibid. not subject to the Patriarchal power, ibid. and f; their defence of Origen in vi cent. 425; their vices in vii cent. 453; are ex- empted by the Pope from episcopal ju- risdiction, 454; held in much repute, ibid. their discipline fallen into decay in viii cent. 502; efforts to stop it inef- fectual, ibid. and 503; excessive vene- ration paid to them in ix cent. ii. 26; employed in civil affairs, 27; a reforma- tion attempted among them by order of
Lewis the Meek, ibid. guilty of Concu binage and Simony in x cent. 101, 102, and e,f; their state in xi cent. and in- crease of their immunities, and for what end, 182, 183; exempted by the Popes from the authority of their sove- reigns, ibid. their ignorance and corrup- tion, ibid. great corruption gives rise to chivalry, 183 u; new orders, 187; enrich their convents by processions made of the saintly relics, ii. 286; their great increase in xiii. cent. 364; some suppressed, 365; and what sub sist, 366; the order called Brethren of the Holy Trinity: and if the same with the Brethren of the Redemption of the Captivity, 367 and 1; a reformation at- tempted among them in xv cent. 542; corrupt state in xvi cent iii. 17; their aversion to learning, ibid. very service- able to the Pope, 137; much reformed, 146; new orders, 149. Monophysites, their tenets concerning the nature of Christ, i. 390; called Seve- rians, whence, 434; encouraged by the Emperor Anastasius, ibid. depress- ed by Justin and successsive empe- rors, ibid. their sect restored by Jacob Baradæus, ibid. whom they acknow- ledge to be their second founder, 435; divisions among them terminated, ibid. called Jacobites, and flourish in the East in xvi cent. iii. 190 and h; divi- sions into the African and Asiatic, ibid. their religious doctrines and rites, 192; differ from the Greek and Latin church- es, in what, ibid. and o; their igno- rance, ibid. in Asia, their state in xvii. cent. iii. 560. and s.
African and Abyssinian, resist ob- stinately the Roman yoke, iii. 560; their state in xviii cent. ii. 196. Monothelites, the rise of this sect in vii cent. i. 466; Heraclius's compromise, ibid. progress of their doctrine, 467; opposed by Sophronius, monk of Pales- tine, 468; condemned in the sixth ge- neral council, 469; a view of their doc- trine, 470; different opinions among them, ibid. their fate after the council of Constantinople, 471; sentiments em- braced by the Maronites, ibid. Montagne, a supposed infidel in xvi cent. iii. 119.
Montanus, his tenets, i. 188; some mis- takes about them, ibid. c; attempts to supply the pretended defects of the Gos- pel, 189; his excessive austerity, ibid. reasons for excommunicating him, and success of his doctrine, 189, 190; which Tertullian adopts, ibid. and d. Montesono, John de, denies the immacu- late conception of the Virgin Mary, and contest with the University of Pa- ris, ii. 495; is excommunicated, and va- rious opinions concerning the reasons for it, ibid. and m.
Moors, or Saracens, some converted in xv cent. and how, ii. 507; banished out of Spain in xvii cent. iii. 462; conse- quences, 463.
Moralists, moral writers, in ii cent. who, i. 155; their merit as such, ibid. the double doctrine introduced by them, what, and the effects, 156; hence the Ascetics, 157; charged with want of order and precision, in iii cent. 219; the most eminent in iv cent. with their defects, 288; their character in v cent. i. 363; mystic principles adopted by them, 366; reduce practical religion to the observance of a few virtues in vii cent. 460; imbibe many of the Aristo- telian principles in viii cent. 515; prin- cipally employed in ix cent. in collecting the sentiments of the Fathers on mo- rality, ii. 41; content themselves in x cent. with composing some few homi- lies, and writing the lives of the saints, ii. 111; contemptible in xi cent, 201; partly scholastic, partly mystic, in xii cent. ii. 297; their character in xiii cent. 410, 411; definitions of piety and justice different from those in the Scrip- tures, 411; chiefly employed in col- lecting and solving cases of conscience, and in moralizing on the natures, pro- perties, and actions of the brute crea- tion in xiv cent. 493; their character and names in xvi cent. iii. 227 c;- Lutheran, ibid.
Morality, Romish, its sad state in xvi cent.
iii. 163; no successful attempt made to reform it, and complaints against the Jesuits, ibid. writers on it divided into three classes, ibid.
true principles of, not settled in
xvi cent. iii. 227. Moravians, their conversion in ix cent. ii. 4.
Moravian, Bohemian, brethren, an account of, iii. 297.
Morgan, his deism, and hypothesis of, iv. 188 and c.
Morinus, his pacific endeavours to, unite the Greek and Latin churches in xvii cent. iii. 552 and d. Moscovy, the Christian religion establish- ed there in x cent. ii. 76.
patriarch of, when first made, iii. 188; his immunities extended, 189. Moses, Barcepha, a Syrian bishop in ix cent. his great character, ii. 29.
Cretensis, an account of this im- postor in iv cent. i. 333 and g. Moulin, Feter du, is employed to recon- cile the Lutherans and the Reformed, iv. 8 and f.
Moyer, Lady, her lectures founded in xviii cent, iv. 213.
Munster, seized upon by the fanatics in Germany in xvi cent. iii. 231, and 329; retaken by its sovereign, Count Wal-
deck, ibid. 330; peace of Germany con- cluded at, iii. 460.
Munzer, one of the leaders of the fanatics, iii. 325; assembles a numerous army of the peasants in xvi cent. ibid. his rava- ges not chargeable on Luther, ibid. is defeated, taken, and ignominiously put to death, ibid. fate of his associates, 326. Muralt, a Deistical writer in xviii cent. iv. 189 and d; his religious system com- prehended in three points, and what they are, ibid.
Musaus, approves of Callixtus's pacifica- tory plan, iv. 36; adopts some of his sen- timents, 37, 38; imputations against him and the divines of Jena, ibid. and l. Mystics, their rise in the East, and whence, i. 143; their unfair defence, 215; mul- tiplied in iv cent. and doctrine propa- gated, 289; their cause promoted in v cent. from their austerity of life, 364; their pernicious influence on moral wri- ters, 366; flourish in ix cent. ii. 42; their method of explaining truth adopt- ed in xii cent. ii. 289; oppose the Scho- lastics in xiii cent. 410; a reconciliation between the two parties attempted, ibid. zealous for the study of the Scrip- tures, and the writings of the fathers, in xiv cent. 490; many of distinguished merit among them in xv cent. 558; de- fended against the Schoolmen, 559; the only remaining sparks of piety in xvi cent. were in them, iii. 24; but un- able to combat the error of the times, ibid. why called Quietists, iii. 542; their precepts embraced by the Quakers, 153, 155.
Nagel, Paul, his reveries, iv. 61. Nangis, William, of, a historian in xiii cent. his character, ii. 340. Nantes, famous edict drawn up at, in xvi cent. in favour of the Protestants, iii. 282; revoked by Lewis XIV. in xvii cent. iv. 68 and s.
Naples, the Academy at, founded by Fre- deric II. in xiii cent. ii. 337; the pro- gress of the Reformation here in xvi cent. iii. 99; the opposition made against the attempts to introduce the inquisi- tion, ib. and l.
Naraya, Chaw, king of Siam, his remark- able answer to the French king's am- bassador, iii. 394; sub. not. q; tolerates the missionaries, 395; is put to death, ibid. and r.
Nassau, church of, embraces Calvinism in xvi cent. iii. 299.
Nations, state of those not under the Ro-
mans, i. 31; the genius of, and liberty enjoyed by, the Northern, ibid. and f; all sunk in superstition, but of different kinds, ib. 32.
Nature, its law studied with great atten-
tion in xvii cent. iii. 434. Grotius led the way, with the advantages to Chris- tian morality, 435. Naylor, James, a most extravagant Qua- ker, account of him, and the blasphe- mous encomiums bestowed upon him by the Quakers, iv. 148, sub. not. kk. Nazarenes, the rise of this sect properly dated from ii cent. i. 121, 171; its divi- sion into two sects, ib. ranked among heretics by Epiphanius, and if justly, ib. and e; their gospel, ib. and f; that term what originally, ib. their tenets, and why gently treated by most Christians, ib. and g.
Neercassel, John, assists Arnaud in propa- gating Jansenism among the Romish churches in Holland and the Nether- lands, iii. 533.
Neri, Philip, founds the priests of the ora- tory in xvi cent. iii. 151; by whom as- sisted, ib. y; is sainted by Urban VIII. iii. 549.
Nero, persecutes the Christians, and why, i. 67, 73.
Nestorianism, its rise and author, i. 376, 377; impartial judgment concerning this controversy, 379; progress after the council of Ephesus, 381; its success in the East, ib. is propagated by Barsu- mas of Nisibis through Persia, 382; taught in a school at Nisibis erected for this purpose, ibid. encouraged in Persia, 408; its state in vi cent. 433. Nestorians, their divisions cease, i. 382, doctrine what, ib. hold their founder in the highest veneration, 383; but main- tain the doctrine taught by him to be older than himself, ib. Eastern, diligent in exploring the true sense of Scripture, 420; spread their doctrines with suc- cess; in vi cent. 433; introduce Chris- tianity among the Chinese in vii cent. 439; flourish under the Saracens, 465; plant the gospel in Tartary, and beyond Mount Imaus, in x cent. ii. 73; frequent- ly solicited by Romish missionaries to submit to the papal yoke in xiii cent. but in vain, ii. 420; two factions among them, and how occasioned, in xvi cent. iii. 134; violent methods used by Me- nezes, bishop of Goa, &c. to reduce them to the Romish yoke, 135; are call- ed Chaldeans, 190; distinguished from other societies of Christians by peculiar doctrines and rites, iii. 194; their no- tions of the two natures and two per- sons in Christ explained, 195, and u; careful in avoiding superstitious opi- nions and practices, ib. and x; their pa triarchs, ib. and 196; their state in xvii cent. iii. 562, offers of reconciliation with Rome, why not accepted, ibid. those on the coast of Malabar persecu- ted by the Romish priests, 563; but tole- rated by the Dutch, ibid. refuse to en-
ter into the Romish communion, though repeatedly solicited by the most earnest entreaties and alluring offers in xviii cent. ii. 195.
Nestorius, founder of a sect in v cent. i. 376; occasion of his controversy, 377; anathematized by Cyril, Bishop of Al- exandria, 378; his charge against Cyril, ibid. is condemned to banishment by a general council at Ephesus, 379; the justice of this sentence examined, ibid. faults to be found in this controversy, 380 and r.
Neuser, Adam, introduces Socinianism into Germany, iii. 373.
Newton, Sir Isaac, his great character, ii. 446, and s; the excellence of his philo- sophy how proved, 447; his works and life by whom written, ibid. t; liberty of thinking restored by him and Des Cartes, and in what the admirers of the former were superior to those of the latter, ibid.
Nice, the first general council at, i. 317; the account of it imperfect, ibid. Arius is condemned, 318: determines the time for observing Easter, ibid. and s ; termi- nates the Novatian troubles, ibid. con- demns the Meletian schism, ibid. and t, u, second council in viii cent. i. 520; superstitious decrees in favour of image worship, ibid. its authority and this de- cision acknowledged by the church of Rome, ibid.
Nicephorus, patriarch of Constantinople, an account of his defence of image wor- ship, ii. 29.
Callistus, his ecclesiastical his- tory, an account of, ii. 447.
Gregoras, his character, ii. 447; works, 488. Nicetas, Choniates, a Greek historian in xiii cent. ii. 335.
David, an account of, ii. 29.
Pectoratus, a zealous advocate for the Greeks in xi cent. ii. 193; his chain of commentaries on Job, 198. Nicholas, patriarch of Constantinople, suspends the Emperor Leo the Philoso- pher, for marrying a fourth wife, îi. 111, 112; deprived by the Emperor, ibid. is restored to his dignity by his son, ibid.
II. Pope, his character, ii. 149 and c; his famous decree concerning the election of the Pope, 150 and e.
III. Pope, his famous constitu- tion, confirming the rule of St. Francis, ii. 384, and z; forbids all private expli- cations of this law, ibid. and a.
IV. Pope, refuses to crown the Emperor Rodolphus, till he acknow- ledged the papal pretensions, ii. 350; his character, 362.
V. Pope, his great character, ii. 537; a great patron of letters, ibid. Henry, founder of the Family of
Love in xvi cent. iii. 351; his opinions, 352.
Nicias, a polemic divine in vii cent. i. 462,
writes against the Gentiles, ibid. Nicolaitans, an account of this sect, i. 119. Nicolle, a Jansenist doctor and polemic divine, iii. 474; his character and works, ibid. g, h; a follower of Des Cartes, 507; patron of the Jansenists,
Nicon, his treatise on the religion of the Armenians in x cent. ii. 103. Nieder, John, his works, and the use of them, ii. 548.
Nihusius, a Popish methodist, his work, iii. 473, and d.
Nilus, character of his works, i 355. Noailles, Cardinal de, opposes the Bull Unigenitus of Clement XI. and the event, v. 193.
Nobili, Robert de, account of that Jesuit's mission, iii. 390; his singular strata- gems in Madura, ibid. and i; followed by other Jesuits with surprising success, and the causes, 391, 392, and m, and *. Noetus, his doctrine of the Trinity, i. 237; followers, whence called Patripassians, 238.
Nogaret, William de, seizes the person of Pope Boniface VIII. and his ill treat- ment of the Pope, ii. 454; prosecutes his accusation against the Pope after his death, 455.
Nogent, Guibert, Abbot of, his commenta- ries, ii. 290; attacks the Schoolmen in xii cent. 294.
Nominalists, who, and whence so called,
ii. 15, b; dispute between them and the Realists in xi cent. 143; their chief, John the Sophist, 144; the state of their disputes in xii cent. ii. 254, 255; which continue in xiv cent. and the issue, 450; their state in xv cent. 517. Nonconformists, name given to the Puri- tans, iii. 284; their hopes frustrated un- der Charles H. iv. 110; precarious situ- ation under him, ibid. flourish under William III. ibid. toleration act passed under him, ibid. and h; their state in England in xviii cent. iv. 206. Nonjurors, high churchmen, their rise and the occasion in xvii cent. iv. 111, and ii, iii; their notions, 112, and k; Dod- well's defence of them, and by whom answered, ibid. and ; principles in which they differ from the established church of England, 113. Norbert, a German nobleman, founds the monastic order of Premontre in xii cent. ii. 278; silences the sect of Tanquel- mus, 313.
Normans, their successful invasions in ix cent. ii. 8; the sufferings of the Chris- tians under them, ibid. piracy esteemed among them, ibid. k; form new settle- ments, 9; softened by living among
Christians, ibid. many converted in x cent. with their chief Rollo, 74; flour- ishing state of learning among them in xi cent. 136.
Norway, Christianity propagated in x cent. ii. 79; whether by Olaus, Tryggueson, or Suenon, 80, and u; Guthebald the most eminent missionary among them, ibid.
Notker, a monkish historian in x cent. ii. 90.
Novatian, disturbs the peace of the church in iii cent. i. 240; his character, ibid. his severity to the lapsed under the per- secution by Decius, 242; opposes Cor- nelius chosen bishop of Rome, sepa- rates from the church, and is excommu- nicated, ibid.
Nuremberg, an account of the Diet in xvi cent. iii. 48, 49; peace between the Emperor Charles V. and Protestants at a second Diet, 66; the terms, ibid. the effects, 77; the ratification of this peace in xvii cent. iii. 461, and y.
Ochinus, Bernardin, his opinions, iii. 317; embraces the communion of the Anti- trinitarians and Anabaptists in Poland, where he dies, ibid. said to be a princi- pal member of the secret assemblies of Venice and Vicenza, 360 and m.
Odensee, the famous edict at in xvi cent. iii. 65 and t.
Odilo, of Clugni, his works, ii. 105; and s; adds All Souls to the festivals in x cent. 113.
Odo, Abbot of Clugni, his attempts to re- form the monks, ii. 102; his new disci- pline adopted in all the European con- vents, ibid. character, 404; his moral observations on Job, a transcript only from a like work of Gregory the Great, 110.
Bishop of Cambray, restores the sci- ence of logic, ii. 142. Oecolampadius, resumes the dispute con- cerning the Eucharist with Luther, and character, iii. 266 and x; his exposi- tions of Scripture, 310. Oeconomical method of disputing intro- duced in ii cent. i. 55; its nature, ibid. z; almost universally adopted, and to what owing, 221 and l. Oecumenical council, first established in iv cent. i. 269.
Oecumenius, his chain, ii. 103 and k.
Ogilby, his remarkable embassy to the king of Spain, from James I. of Eng- land, iv. 94, sub. not. i.
Olaus, King of Norway, converted to Christianity, ii. 80; is sainted, ibid. es- tablishes the Gospel, and by what me- thods, ibid. u.
Olive, Jean Pierre de, famous Franciscan in xiii cent. excites new dissensions in the order, ii. 385 and b; the corrup- tions of the church of Rome, the chief object of his censure, ibid. his fanati- cism, ibid. warmth against the Popes for maintaining the renunication of popery. 386 and ƒ.
Olympia, Donna, her illicit commerce with Pope Innocent X. iii. 451 and e. Olympiodorus, a Platonic philosopher in iv
Ophites, a sect of ridiculous Heretics in ii cent. i. 186; divided into Christian and Antichristian, ibid. their tenets, whence they had their name, ibid. Optatus, his work against the Donatists, and character, i. 280 and m. Oratory, priests of the, founded in xvi cent. iii. 151; their name whence, ibid.
Order, its meaning when applied to Monks, ii. 103 h.
Orders, ecclesiastical, their great vices in xii cent. ii. 273 and d.
religious, new in xiv cent. what, ii. 485; new in xv cent. what, 545.
monastic, their state in xvii cent. iii. 494; reformations made, and hence two classes, 497, t, u; new, founded in xvii cent. 501.
Oresme, Nicholas, his French translation
of Aristotle in xiv cent. 450 and w. Origen, his zeal in spreading copies of the Gospel, i. 194; character, 212 and Ꮖ ; erroneous method of explaining Christian truths by the Platonic philo- sophy, 215; the abuse of it by his fol- lowers, ibid. his Hexapla, fragments of it, 217 and f; allegorical method of in- terpreting Scripture, censured, ibid. neglects the outward letter of it, and confines his study to the hidden sense of it, ibid, and g, h; his subdivisions of this mystical world, 218; method fol- lowed by other interpreters, ibid. his Stromata and principles, 219; moral works, ibid. rigorous measures by De- metrius, Bishop of Alexandria, in two councils against him, 224; his book of Principles contains dangerous opinions, 225 and t; his deprivation and degra- dation variously received, ibid. and u; confutes the Arabian philosophers, 240; controversies concerning him in iv cent. 299; troubles in the East, on ac- count of his writings, 300; his method of interpreting Scripture followed by
many, i. 360, 421; controversies con- cerning him renewed in vi cent. 425; condemned by Justinian, and his doc- trine ordered to be suppressed, ibid. and k, 1; condemned with his followers in the fifth general council at Constan- tinople, 427 and r; his doctrine adopt- ed by the Quakers, iv. 153, 154. Origenism, disputes about in v cent. i. 367, 368; melancholy effects of them to Chrysostom, 369.
Origenists, who, i. 381.
Orkneys, Christianity first propagated there in x cent. ii. 80. Orosius, obviates many objections against Christianity in his history, i. 339; his character, 355 and p.
Osiander, Andrew, his Harmony of the Evangelists, iii. 224; disputes excited by him in xvi cent. 247; his character and doctrine, ibid. opposed by Stanca- rus, 248.
Osnaburg, peace of Westphalia concluded at, iii. 460.
Ostorod, Christopher, attempts to propa- gate Socinianism in Holland, iii. 373; is banished, and his books condemned to be burned, but not executed, ibid.
Ostrogoths, kingdom in Italy in v cent. and its duration, i. 332.
Otho the Great, his zeal for Christianity, ii. 81; excessive liberality to the cler- gy, and its unhappy effects, 82; obtains the Purple, and saluted with the title of Emperor by Pope John XII. 96; calls a council, and degrades the perjured Pope, ibid. his death and miserable consequences, ibid. his edict, by which he and his successors maintained their supremacy over the Bishop and Church of Rome. 99.
Bishop of Bamberg, converts the Po- meranians in xiii cent. ii. 226, 227 and
IV. Emperor, deposed and excom- municated by Pope Innocent III. ii. 352.
Pachymeres, George, his works, ii. 399; a mystic writer in xiii cent. and his treatise on Dionysius, 411. Pacific age, that time so denominated when Christ came into the world, i. 31.
Padua, Anthony of, an expositor of Scrip- ture in xiii cent. ii. 405.
Paganism, remains of it in iv cent. al- though zealously opposed by the Chris- tian Emperors, i. 259; some remains in vi cent. even among the learned, i. 401.
Pagans, their deities were ancient heroes, &c. i. 33; pay worship to material and
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