Gregory, the Enlightener, converts the Arminians, i. 262.
of Nazianzen and of Nyssa, ac- count of them and their works, i. 277.
the Great, sends Augustine with many Benedictines into Britain in vi cent. i. 398; the success of his labours in the West, 399; dislikes the methods by which Christianity is propagated in his time, ibid. and m; his literary cha- racter, 417; moral and religious cha- racter, 419; expositions, 421; institutes many superstitious rites, 429; his canon of the Mass, 430; and stations, ibid. is successful in his dispute with the Do- natists, 432.
Pisides, his works, i. 456.
I. Pope, excommunicates and deposes Leo the Isaurian, i. 517; his zeal for images, 518, 8.
Gregory, XI. Pope, his character, ii. 463; transfers the papal seat from Avignon to Rome, and repents of it, ibid.
XII. Angeli Carrario, Antipope,
ii. 518; resigns, 521;
XV. Pope, founds the college de propaganda fide at Rome in xvii cent. iii. 3S3; his character, 450. Gribaldi, Matthew, his doctrine, iii. 359; inclines to the Arian system, 361, sub not. m in fine.
Grisons, doctrine of Claudius propagated among them, iii. 359 and b. Groningenists, a sect of the refined Ana- baptists, and whence so called, iv. 163 and g.
of Tours, his character as a wri- Grotius, his book on the rights of war ter, i. 418. and peace, iii. 435; endeavours to re- concile the church of Rome and the Protestants, 472; a philosophical re- former, particularly of the Peripatetics, iv. 18: his hypothesis concerning the prophets, iv. 72: a favourer of the Ar- minians, 129; misunderstanding be- tween him and Prince Maurice, which turns to an open rupture, and whence, 132 and 133, i; is cast into prison, 133 and k, 134 and 7.
II. Pope, zealous for image wor-
VII. Hildebrand, Pope, his elec- tion unanimously approved, ii. 157, 158; his extraordinary character, ibid. and u; 159 and w; aims at universal empire in church and state, and the methods used by him to accomplish this end, 158, 160, 161 and y; requires the subjection of France and Spain to the see of Rome, 160; his demands more regarded in Spain than in France and England, 161; the success they met with in other places, 163; his zeal for extending papal authority meets with the greatest success in Italy, and why, 164, 165; decrees against simony and concubinage among the clergy, and the tumults they excite, 165, 166 and q, 167 and r; reasons for extirpating investi- tures, 167; dies, and is sainted, 180; his moderate and candid behaviour to Berenger, 209; revokes an order of his predecessor Pope Nicholas II. 210 and x; his real sentiments of the Eucharist, 211 and s; his zeal for imposing the Romish ritual, and à uniformity of worship on all the Latin churches, 216.
IX. Pope, excommunicates Fre- deric II. and why, ii. 327 and k; his charge of impiety against the Emperor, 334; the calamities that arose from his ambition, 356; sends a copy_of_the charge to all the European Princes, which is answered by the Emperor, 357; drew immense sums out of Eng- land in the reign of Henry III. 356 i; attempts to depose Frederic, and how prevented, ibid.
X. Pope, his character, ii. 361, 362; his imperious and threatening let- ters to the German Princes, &c. ib. and s; suppresses the various orders of Men- dicants, and confines them to four, 369.
Gruet, opposes Calvin, iii. 315; his im- pious tenets, and fate, ibid. Guelphs and Guibelines, a seditious faction in xiii cent. ii. 358; become formida ble in Italy, 359.
Guido, Guy Juvenal, attempts a reforma- tion among the Monks in xv cent. ii. 542.
Guiscard, Robert, Duke of Apulia, drives the Saracens out of Italy in xi cent. ii. 121.
Gunpowder Plot, an account of, iii. 463, 464; remarkable passage in one of the conspirator's letters, 464,g. Guntherus, his character, ii, 340. Gustavus, Vasa Ericson, king of Sweden,
zealous in promoting the reformation among the Swedes, iii. 61; his zeal tempered with great prudence, ibid, 62 and m; publishes Petri's translation of the Bible, and permits the Archbi- shop of Upsal to make another, ibid. and n; commands them to hold a con-. ference, which ends in favour of Petri, ibid. resolved at Westeraas to admit the Reformation, which is opposed by the clergy, and why, ibid. and o; subverts the papal empire, and is declared head of the church, 63.
--, Adolphus maintains the cause of the Germanic liberties against the emperor Ferdinand in xvii cent. iii. 459; falls at the battle of Lutzen, ibid. and
Guthebald, and English priest, successful in his mission among the Norwegians in x cent. ii. 80. Guyon, Madame, a patron of Quietism in
France, iii. 544 and o; her writings re- futed by Bossuet, 543; hence arises a dispute between Bossuet and Fenelon, who defends Madame Guyon, ibid.
Haan, Galen Abraham, founder of the Galenists, and character, iv. 167: his opinions, and by whom opposed, ibid. Hackspan, a learned expositor of the Scriptures in xvii cent. iv. 26. Hager, writes against the Protestants, and the peace of Augsburg, iii. 454. Bales, Alexander, an eminent philosopher in xiii cent. ii. 343; whence styled the Irrefragable Doctor, ibid. and ; his expositions, 405.
a chief leader of the Latitudina- rians in xvii cent. his great character, v. 397 and d.
Halitgarius, his system of morality, and character of it, ii. 41.
Hanau, church of, embraces Calvinism in xvi cent. iii. 299.
Hanover. See Liturgy, iv. 406.
Harald, propagates and establishes Chris- tianity among the Danes in ix cent. ii.
Hardenberg, Albert, attempts to introduce Calvinism into Bremen, iii. 280. Hardouin, his Atheists detected, iii. 444, p; character, 511.
Harmenoplus, Constantius, his works, ii. 281; a polemic writer in xii cent. and character, 298..
Harmonies, Lutheran, of the Evangelists, iii. 224.
Harphius, Henry, a mystic writer in xv cent. ii. 558.
Hattemists, a Dutch sect, their rise in xvii cent. and pernicious tenets, iv. 123; re- semble the Verschorists in their reli- gious system, but differ from them in some things, and in what, 124; their founder is deposed from his office, yet deserts not the reformed religion, ibid. a chief maxim among them, ibid. still subsist, though not under their founder's name, ibid.
Haymo, Bishop of Halberstadt, his cha- racter, ii. 31 and c; his works, 40. Hederic, writes against the Protestants, and the peace of Augsburg, iii. 454. Heidegger, Henry, form of Concord drawn up by him, and its fate, iv. 125, 126 and z.
Heidelberg, Catechism of, adopted by the Calvinists, iii. 280.
Helmont, John Baptist, a Rosecrucian, his character, iii. 437.
Hemerobaptists, a sect among the Jews, an account of, iii. 197 and a. Hemmingius, Nicholas, his character, iii. 299; chief of the disciples of Melanc- thon in Denmark, ibid. Henoticon, published by Zeno, what, i.
388; subscribed by the moderate, but produces new contests among the Euty- chians, 389.
Henricians, a sect in xii cent. ii. 311; their founder Henry endeavours a reformation among the clergy, but is warmly opposed by Bernard Abbott of Clairval, 312; his condemnation and death, ibid. and x; is supposed to be a disciple of Peter de Bruys, but without foundation, ibid. and y.
Henry, Archbishop of Upsal, founder of the church of the Finlanders in xii cent. ii. 289.; his zeal censured, is massacred and sainted, ibid.
IV. Emperor, refuses to resign his right of investitures, and to obey the insolent order of Pope Gregory VII. ii. 176; assembles a council at Worms, and accuses the Pope of flagitious prac- tices, ibid. is excommunicated and de- posed by Gregory, 177; his pusillani- mous conduct at Canusium, 178; breaks his convention, and renews the war against the Pope, 179.
II. of England, his dispute with Alexander III. Pope, ii. 267; reasons to think he did not consent to the murder of Becket, 269, t; performs severe pen- ance for this supposed murder, 270 and u.
VIII. of England renounces the papal supremacy, iii. 78, 79 and p; the reasons for it not fairly represented, ibid. and q; the expedient suggested to the King by Cranmer, and the effects, 80 and r.
IV. of France, renounces the Re- formed religion, with his views, iii. 282.
Duke of Saxony, deserts Luther- anism, and embraces the communion of the Reformed church, iv. 65. Heraclian's book against the Manichæans in vi cent. i. 432 and y. Heraclius, Emperor, persecutes the Jews, and compels them to embrace Chris- tianity, in vii cent. i. 442; his edict in favour of the Monothelites, i. 466; issues another, called the Ecthesis, to com- promise the dispute concerning the one will and operation in Christ, 467. Herbert, of Cherbury, Lord, account of, iii. 423; instance of fanaticism, ibid." and g; his peculiar tenets, and by whom refuted, 424, h.
Heresies, ancient, revived in v cent. and
cause new troubles, i. 371; remains of them in vi cent. 431; continue in x cent. ii. 115.
Heretics, dispute about their baptism in iii cent. i. 223; the determination of the African and Oriental churches on the point, ibid. and the insolent behaviour of Stephen, Bishop of Rome, 224. Heribald, writes against Radbert Pasca- sius, ii. 49.
Heric, Monk of Auxerre, said to have an- ticipated Des Cartes in the manner of investigating truth, ii. 16; is sainted, ibid. f.
Hermits, their rise in iii cent. and whence i. 216.
Hermogenes, his tenets, i. 188; opposed
and refuted by Tertullian, ibid. and b. Herrnhutters, rise of that sect and foun- ders in xviii cent. iv. 198; account of their descent from the Bohemian and Moravian brethren doubtful, ibid. pro- fess to agree with the doctrine and opi- nions of the Lutherans, and what credit ought to be given to such professions, 199; Dr. Mosheim's vague description of their sect censured, with its infamous character, ibid. and 1; sap the founda- tions of morality, ibid. sub not. l. Hervaus, Natalis, account of, ii. 488. Hervey, a learned Benedictine monk and expositor in xii cent. ii. 289 and c. Hesychius, a moral writer in vii cent. i.
Hetzer, Lewis, his infamous character, iii.
326; denies the divinity of Christ, 354. Hevelius, a German philosopher, in xvii cent. iii. 431.
Heyling, of Lubec, his pious labours in Ethiopia in xvii cent. iii. 560 and u. Hierax, of Leontium, his notions of Christ's office and ministry, i. 237; account of the sect formed by him, and of his te- nets, ibid.
Hierocles, his works against the Christians answered by Eusebius, i. 260. High churchmen, their principles, iv. 113, See Nonjurors, 111, &c. Hilary, Bishop of Poictiers, his character and works, i. 278 and f.
Hildebert, Archbishop of Tours, his cha- racter ii. 195; his excellent system of divinity, 200 and d: morality, 201 e. Hildebrand, Pope. See Gregory VII. ii. 157, &c.
defends Callixtus's reputation, in xvii cent. iv. 34. Hildegard, pretended prophetess in xii cent. ii. 286; the excessive veneration paid to her, ibid.
Hilduin, of St. Dennis, his celebrated
work entitled Areopagitica, ii. 30 and s. Hincmar, Archbishop of Rheims, his char- acter, ii. 31, 32 and e; exposition of the four Books of Kings, 40. Hippolitus, his character and works, i. 212 and y; adopts Origen's plan in his commentaries, 218.
History of the church, the method of treating it in the xvi cent. why changed from that in the preceding centuries, iii. 5; its division into two heads, ibid. 1st, general-its extent, 6-2dly, par- ticular, ibid. which is subdivided into two parts, ibid.-of the Reformation, ibid. its improvements in xvii cent.
iii. 432; inuumerable advantages of it, 433; a short view of it in xviii cent. iv. 83.
Hoadly, Bishop of Winchester, his endea- vours to lower the authority of the English church and character, iv. 206; by whom opposed, 207.
Hobbes, a daring and subtle enemy to Christianity, his character, iii. 419; his adherents and apologists, ibid. and a; his writings, and if he recanted, ibid. and b; opposed by whom, iv. 76. Hoburg, Christian, a petulant writer against the Lutherans in xvii cent, and character, iv. 61.
Hoe, Matthew, his defence of the Protes- tants, iii. 454; his perfidy, 457, s. Hoffman, Daniel, disputes between him and his colleagues, iii. 222; his tenets, which he is obliged to retract, ibid. his fanatical extravagance, censured, iv. 17.
Hoffman, Melchior, his infamous conduct,
Holidays, their number diminished by an edict of Urban VIII. iii. 549. Holstenius, Lucas, attempts to reconcile the Greek and Latin churches, iii. 553 and d.
Homilies, their origin in viii cent. i. 512. Honorius, Pope, embellishes churches in vii cent. i. 463; favours the doctrine of one will in Christ, 468; writers of the church of Rome attempt to save his in- fallibility, ibid. q; is condemned by the sixth General Council, 470.
Hospitallers, Knights, origin and nature of their office, ii. 239; deviate from the design of their original institution, and commence warriors, ibid. and settle in Cyprus, and from thence remove to Malta, the present residence of their chief, or master, 240 and 2. Huber, Samuel, his controversy concern- ing Predestination, iii. 259; is deposed, and banished from Wittemberg, ibid. Hubmeyer, Balthazar, an Anabaptist, his enormous conduct, iii. 326.
Huet, Bishop of Avranches, his works, iii. 448 and x.
Huguenots, derivation of that word, iii. 281 and d; persecuted in France in xvii cent. 463.
Huisseaux, of Saumur, his pacificatory principles in xvii. cent. iii. 471. Humanity, its state in xiii cent. iii. 340. Humbert, Cardinal, an eminent polemic
writer among the Greeks in xi cent. ii. 194; his notions of the real presence of Christ's body and blood in the Sacra- ment, 209.
Hume, his censure of Luther's opposition to indulgences, and other Popish super- stitions, refuted, iii. 27, p; charge against the Reformers examined and refuted, 106, 114.
Hungary, Christianity established in x cent. ii. 77 and m; the honour of their conversion claimed by different na- tions, 78 and n; Reformation introdu- ced and settled, iv. 408. Huss, John, his character, ii. 522 and 'p; declaims vehemently against the cor- ruptions of the clergy and court of Rome in xv cent. ibid. odious to the clergy, and the reasons, 523 and q; publicly recommends the doctrines of Wickliff, 524 and u; is condemned by the council of Constance, and burned alive, 525; the true cause of his suffer- ings, 526 and x.
Hussinet, Nicholas of, head of the Hus- sites, ii. 552.
Hussites, commotions made by them, to
revenge the death of their founder and Jerome of Prague, ii. 552; their aver- sion to administer the Sacrament in one kind only, ibid. many put to cruel deaths by the order of Sigismund, ibid. war carried on, and shocking cruelties by them and their opponents, ibid. di- vide into two parties, 553.
Hyrcania, the Gospel propagated in viii. cent. i. 477.
James, Bishop of Edessa, translates the dialectics into Syriac in vii cent. i. 451.
- I. of England, attempts the recon- ciliation of the Lutheran and Reform- ed churches, iv. 8 and f; his seeming attachment to the Puritans, and decla- ration in an assembly at Edinburgh, 90 and d; took a principal part in the con- ference at Hampton Court, 91, e; with the adulation of Whitgift and Bancroft ibid. sub fin. not. e; remarkable change of his conduct after his accession to the crown, 92; Abbott's endeavours to confirm the king in Calvinism, with that Prince's dislike of the proceedings at Dort, 92, 93 and h; the reason for the King's dislike,94 and i; the change of opinion fatal to the Puritans, 95; his death, ibid.
II. his imprudence, iii. 466: why obliged to abdicate, when the Revolu- tion took place under William, Prince of Orange, ibid. tolerates the Quakers,
and from what motives, iv. 149, 150 and r.
Jansenism, its rise, and the contents it pro- duced, iii. 523; Jansenius's book, 524 and g, h; combatted by the Jesuits, ibid. who procure its condemnation at Rome, by Urban VIII. 525; this opposed by the doctors of Louvaine and other Au- gustinians, also in France by the Abbot of St. Cyran, ibid. and k, l. Jansenists, their contests with the Jesuits 'described, and how both parties were balanced, iii. 526 and m; methods and arguments employed by both parties in this controversy, and miracles pre- tended by the Jansenists, ibid. 527 and n; persecuted and by whom, 530, 531; their austere piety examined, 534, 535; complaints against the church of Rome, and their general principles just and reasonable, but the consequences and applications, faulty, as appears from the sentiments of the Abbot of Cyran, their great oracle, 534, 535 and a; deserved- ly denominated Rigourists, ibid. their notions of repentance, 536; exemplifi- ed in the Abbé de Paris, 537; and in the female convent of Port Royal, 538 and e; many ambitious to live in its neigh- bourhood, ibid. the end these pentitents had in view, 539; the convent demol- ished by Lewis XIV. 540.
Jansenius, five propositions of his book condemned by Pope Innocent X. iii. 529; doctrines contained in them, ibid. 530 and a; distinction invented by Ar- naud in favour of these propositions, ibid. a bull of Alexander VII. against him, with a form of declaration sent into France, ibid. 531; which produces melancholy divisions and tumults, ibid. persecution of his followers through the Jesuits, ibid. but suspended under Cle- ment IX, 532; conditional subscription obtained, ibid. the peace granted the Jansenists by Clement only transitory, and totally ceased under Lewis XIV. ibid. and u.
Japan, state of Christianity, iii. 405, 406; its success owing to two circumstances, and also to another, ibid. a; prejudices of the natives, and divisions among the missionaries, ibid. 407; accusations against the Jesuits by the other mission- aries, ibid. and against the latter by the Jesuits, ibid. its downfal and extir- pation how effected, with the reasons, ibid. 403; firmness of the converts and missionaries under horrid torments, with the causes of this persecution, ibid. and c; edict by which Europeans are forbid to approach the Japenese dominions, 409; except a few Dutch, ibid. Jaqueline, abbess of the convent of Port
Royal, her character, iii. 537 and c, d. Jasidians, Jezedæans, a sect. in xvi cent.
some account of, iii. 198; their opinion about the evil genius, ibid. and e. Iconoclasts, who and their origin in viii cent. i. 517; called also Iconomachi, 518; their numbers increase under the patronage of Claudius bishop of Turin, in ix cent, ii. 47.
Iconoduli, called Iconolatræ, who, i. 518. Ideas, universal, controversy about in x cent. ii. 90 and k.
Jena, academy founded at, in xvi cent. by the Dukes of Saxeweimar, iii. 243; the moderation of the divines here in re- gard to Calixtus's plan of concord, iv. 37.
Jerome, of Palestine, his character, ì. 279; admired for his translation of the Scrip- tures into Latin, 284.
de St. Foi, writes against the Jews in xv cent. ii 559. Jerusalem, first Christian church. i. 61; Patriarch of, howextensive his jurisdic- tion in xvi cent. iii. 183 and q; famous council held here in xvii cent. iii. 555 and g.
Jesuales, or apostolic clerks, their rise in xiv cent. ii. 484; their order abolished by Clement IX. Pope, ibid. Jesuiabas, of Gaddala, Nestorian pontiff, his treaty with Mahomet and Omar in viii cent. i. 465: the testamentary di- ploma of the former to the Christians examined, ibid. k.
Jesuits their institution seems to have di- minished the credit of the clerks school in xv cent. ii 546; nature of their or- der and institution,iii.116; the methods by which they propagate Christianity considered, 117; the nature and divi- sion of this society into three classes, 139; and according to some into four, ibid. x; zeal for the interest of the Ro- man Pontiffs, and the true motives of their missions, 140, 141 and y; exposed to many perils and how delivered, with insinuating manners, ibid.their charac- ter and fate admirably described by Dr. Brown of Dublin, ibid. a; zealous ad- vocates for the ancient forms of doc- trine in the Romish church, and why, 167; and for the infallibility and unli- mited supremacy of the Pope, 168 and y; their notions of divine grace and original sin, 169, doctrine about the motives to moral actions, 170 and ; about probability and philosophical sin, ibid. and a; about the Sacraments, 171 and b; make use of the intricate so- phistry of the Schoolmen to puzzle the Protestants, 220; their stratagems cor- rupt the Lutheran doctors, 227; accus- ed of sinister views by the other orders, iii. 386; their methods of converting persons procured them enemies, 388; accused of malpractices in China, 398; principal charge against them, 400; ba- VOL. IV.
nished Venice, but afterward recalled, 483, 484, a; the influence they have in France considered, 493 and r; the mul- titude of their adversaries, particularly the Jansenists, in xvii cent.503, 504 and k; history by Bernard, 504, sub not. k; interest strengthened byopposition, ib. 505 and l; some of their pernicious maxims, 513 and s, 514 and t, u, books written against them by Paschal and Perrault burned, 515, w; answered by F. Daniel, ibid. sub not. highly com- plained of and condemned by Alexan- der VII. Pope, 516; their disputes with the Jansenists. 524.
Jesus, Fathers of the oratory, founded in xvii cent. by Cardinal Berulle, iii, 501; design of their institution and fame, ibid. the nature of their office, ibid. and d, e.
Jetzer, an account of the impious fraud
practised upon him in xvi cent. by the Dominicans, iii. 18, k.
Jews, their civil and religious state under Herod at Christ's birth, i. 43; after He- rod's death, ibid. the calamities they suffer under the Roman Governors, yet permitted to enjoy the free exercise of their religion, 44; their sufferings from their own rulers, ibid. and 45; their religion corrupted among all ranks,and the division of their doctors into va- rious sects, 45; their principal sects and points of debate, ibid. 46 and m; yet exercise mutual toleration, with the motives, 47; variously interpret the doctrine of future rewards and punish- ments, ibid. the moral doctrine of their sects, 49; corrupt the external worship of God by rites from the Gentiles, 50 and t; various causes of their corrup- tion, ib. some remains of piety among them, 51; their state out of Pales- tine, an evident proof of a providence in human affairs, 53 and 2; persecute the Christians in Palestine and foreign countries, 65, 66 and e, ƒ; their plausi ble pretexts for this procedure,ibid.and the punishments they undergo, 66; the state of their philosophy, S2; their se- dition under Barchochebas, and its me- lancholy consequences to them, with advantages to Christianity, 129; the cause of dissensions in the church in ii cent. 170; their attempts against Chris- tianity in iii cent. 202; their vain at- tempt to rebuild their templein iv cent. 258; the dreadful phenomenon on this occasion, and disputes about it, ibid. and g, h; many converted in v cent. and by what means, i. 333; oppress the Christians under the command of Gamaliel, 341; several embrace Christianity in vi cent. 399; compel- led to be Christians in vii cent by the Emperor Heraclius, 442; many
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