tempts against it, 463; private enemies of Christianity here in xviii. cent. with some mistakes rectified, iv. 187, 188 and c.
English, send missionaries into America in xvi cent. iii. 119; obstinately reject the plan of Geneva, 306; dissensions and two parties thereupon, ibid, this schism how prevented from extending to the Reformed abroad, and maxim laid down for this purpose, 307 and b; their missions in America, 415; parti- cularly Independents and Puritans, 416. Ennodius, Bishop of Ticinum, his adula- tory apology for Symmachus the Ro- man Pontiff in vi cent. and its conse-
quences, i. 413 and c, and 417; his works, 423.
Eon, a fanatic in xii cent. ii. 320; his fran- tic notion of being the future judge of mankind, 321; a reflection on the sen- tence passed on him, ibid. Ephesus, third general council, condemns Nestorius, i. 379; the doctrine con- cerning Christ established at this coun- cil commonly received among Chris- tians, ibid. what judgment impartially must be made concerning this contro- versy, ibid. 380 and p, q.
council there, why called the assembly of robbers, i. 385; the acts of this council annulled by a council at Chalcedon, ibid.
Ephraim, the Syrian, his character, i. 278
Epictetus, an ornament to the Stoics, i: 137..
Epicureans, their principal doctrines what, i. 39 and d; why held in the greatest esteem, 137. Epiphanius, his character and works, i.
Episcopacy, acquires strength from the councils, i. 146; triumphs in England under James I. iv. 92, 93 and ƒ; intro- duced into Scotland by Archbishop Abbot's counsels, ibid.
Episcopius, Simon, defends the Arminians at the Synod of Dort, and his great character, iv. 135; the first Professor of divinity among the Arminians, 437; forms their doctrine into a regular sys- tem, 439 and z. Erasmus, of Rotterdam, attacks the super- stitions of the clergy and court of Rome in his writings, iii. 11; character of his Latin New Testament and Paraphrase, 160.
Eremites, Hermits, their character, i. 292 and u.
Ernest, Justinian, his plan for propagating the gospel abroad, how prevented, iii. 410.
of Hesse, changes his religion, and a reflection thereon, iii. 476 and n.
of Saxe Gotha, his design of in-
Evagrius, an account of his Ecclesiastical history, i. 416.
Evangelists, to whom this title is due, i. 84.
Eucharist, controversy in ix cent. con- cerning Christ's presence, ii. 49; no fixed opinion concerning this doctrine in the Latin churches, 51; the cause of an imaginary heresy called Stercoran- ism, ibid. how explained in x cent. 106, 107 and t; revived in xi cent. 208; the nature and manner of Christ's presence not determined by the Romish church, ibid. sub fin. not. doctrine of transub- stantiation introduced in xiii cent. ii. 403; rites instituted in relation to it, 416; the bread in it deified, according to the expression of the Romanists, ibid. the opus operatum in it, what, iii. 171 and b; frequent celebration of it, a subject of debate in the Romish church, ibid.
Eucherius, Bishop of Lyons, a good moral writer in v cent. i. 355.
Euchites. See Massalians. Eugenius III. Pope, his good character, and the troubles he underwent, ii. 263.
IV. Pope, calls the council of Basil, ii. 533; dislikes their proceed- ings, and attempts in vain to dissolve it, 535; assembles a council at Ferrara, ibid. and removes it to Florence, ibid. is deposed by the council of Basil, ibid.
Eugyppius, a writer of the lives of the saints, i. 423.
Eulogius, of Antioch, a polemic writer in vi cent. i. 416. Eusebius, answers Hierocles' works against Christianity in iv cent. i. 260.
Bishop of Cæsarea, his charac- ter, i. 276; if an Arian, ibid. and s; writes an apology for Origen, 299. Eustathian troubles, i. 296; the leader of this sect chargeable with fanatacism, ibid. Eustathius, Bishop of Antioch, his writings lost, i. 278.
Bishop of Thessalonica, his commentaries on Homer, ii. 246, 281.
Eustratius, his work and character, ii. 281. Eutyches, his sentiments concerning Christ, and supposed tenets, i. 383, 384 and a; is excommunicated, and de- posed by Flavianus on account of his principles, 384; appeals to a general council, and is acquitted in a council at Ephesus by Dioscorus, ibid. Eutychian sect, its rise in v cent. i. 383; doctrine opposite to Nestorianism, but equally prejudicial to Christianity, ibid. its state in vi cent. 434. Eutychius, Bishop of Alexandria, his zeal for advancing learning, ii. 88; his cha- racter and works, 104 and 1. Exarchs, the nature of their office, i. 271. Excommunication, necessary in the infan- cy of the Christian church, i. 102; irre- versible after the second exclusion, ibid. the nature and extent of it in viii cent. 1.495 and p; warm contest about it in xvi cent. by whom excited, and the di- visions it produced, iii. 335, 336.
Fabricius, John Lewis, opposes the endea- vours of Lubieniecius to settle the So- cinians in the Palatinate, iv. 171; his candid sentiments relative to the impor- tance of the controversy between the Lutherans and Roman Catholics, and controversy occasioned by them, 202. Facundus, his works, i. 417. Fanatics, many infect the Greeks in xii cent. ii. 304; disputes between some and Luther in xvi cent. iii. 230, 231; their leaders, ibid, excite tumults, ibid. and d; embrace the communion of the Mennonites, 231.
Farel, his works, iii. 319.
Farnovians, a sect of Socinians in xvi cent. iii. 382.
Farnovius, Farnesius, founder of the Far- novian sect, iii. 382; his tenets and eminent disciples, ibid. separates from the Unitarians, ibid.
Fasting, when introduced into the Chris- tian church, i. 109; considered as a se- curity against the power of Dæmons, 229; the manner of observing this cus- tom in iv cent. 305. Fathers, Apostolic, their general charac-
ter, i. 97; the merit of their moral writings examined, 155; remarkable veneration paid to them, and to all theo- logical writers of the first six centuries, i. 513. Faulkan, Constantine, minister to the king of Siam, his character, iii. 394; invites the French there secretly, ibid. is put to death with the king his master, iii. 395 and r.
Felix II. Bishop of Rome, deposes and ex- communicates Acacius, Bishop of Con- stantinople, i. 389; articles alleged in defence of this proceeding, and the true reasons, ibid. and 399., VOL. IV.
is condemned in several councils, ibid. retracts his errors, and the sincerity of his recantation examined, ibid. his fol- lowers called Adoptians, ibid.
V. Duke of Savoy, elected Antipope by the council of Basil, ii. 635; resigns, 538.
Fenelon, Archbishop of Cambray, defends Madam Guyon against Bossuet, iii. 545; adopts several of her tenets in a book which he published, ibid. and q; and which is afterward condemned at the instigation of Bossuet, with Fenelon's conduct hereupon, 545, 546 and r; his singular sentiments of the public reli- gion of his country, iv. 220. Ferrara, council of, held by Eugenius IV. in xv cent. ii. 535; removed to Flo- rence, ibid. endeavours to reconcile the Greeks and Latins, 536.
Festivals, the increase of, in iv cent. with the cause, i. 304, 305; abuse of them, 305; their number in vi cent. i. 430; seem to be instituted after a Pagan mo- del, ibid. one instituted in remembrance of all departed souls in x cent. at the command of Odilo, Abbot of Clugni, ii. 113.
Ficinus, Marsilius, an ornament to the Platonics in xv cent. ii, 550; attempts an union between the Mystics and Schoolmen, ibid. his polemic work, ibid. Fifth monarchy men, their rise, character, and notions in xvii cent. iv. 106. Finlanders, converted to Christianity, and by what means, in xii cent. ii. 229; the severity of the founder of their church, and his unhappy fate, ibid. Firmin, propagates the gospel in viii cent. and his sufferings on that account, i 480 and f.
Fisher, Samuel, assists Fox in reducing Quakerism to a kind of regular form, and his character, iv. 149, 154. Flacius, Matthias, his Centuria Magde- burgenses, iii. 218; Glossary and key to the Scriptures, 224; disputes with Me- lancthon, 240; defends the doctrine of Luther, and excites divisions in the church, 243; his contest with Strige- lius, and some particulars of it, 244, 245; consequences of his imprudence and ob- stinacy, 246. Flagellants, rise and account of this absurd sect in xiii cent. ii. 403, 404 and r; sup- pressed, ibid. but revive in the following cent. 503; their impious tenets, ibid. a new sect of them in xv cent. 568; many suffer from the inquisition, ibid. and o; the sum of their doctrine, ibid. o. Flavianus, Bishop of Constantinople, beat to death in the second council of Ephe sus, i. 384 and b, c. Flemingians, a sect of Anabaptists in xvi cent. ii. 337; maintain Menno's doc
trine relative to the incarnation, 343 and d; the refined Anabaptists so call- ed, iv. 163.
Florence, council at, summoned by Eu- genius IV. ii. 535; attempts to reunite the Greek and Latin Churches, and frau- dulent practices at it, ii. 537 and k; ter- minates these quarrels only for a short time, 536.
Florinians, a sect in ii cent. their founder and tenets, i. 186 and z.
Florus, a poet in ix cent. ii. 14; as also a
Fludd, Robert, defends the philosophy of Paracelsus, iii. 221 and t, iii. 437, and g; attacked and refuted by Gassendi, 439. Forbes, William, his pacific counsels and character, iii. 471, 472 and a. Forer, employed to write against the Pro- testants and confession of Augsburg in xvii cent. iii. 454 and o. Fortunatus, his character, i. 418. Fox, George, his strange behaviour and exhortation, when called before the civil magistrate, whence his followers were called quakers; iv. 145; founder of that sect, and character, 146 and i. See Quakers, 145.
France, the flourishing state of learning there in xi cent. ii. 136, 137; spiritual libertines get footing there in xvi cent. iii. 314.
Francfort, a council assembled by Charle- magne in viii cent. i. 520; the decrees of the second Nicene council rejected, 521; the worship of images unanimous- ly condemned, ibid. the proceedings of this council sufficient to prove the law- fulness of dissenting from the Pope at that time, who is charged with error, ibid.
Francis, founder of the Franciscans, his extraordinary change of life and man- ners, ii. 372; his notions of the essence of religion, and character, ibid. 373 and w; his stigmas what, and the credit given to them by the Popes, 470 and i; Book of Conformities with Jesus Christ, 471 and k.
I. King of France, abrogates, in xvi cent. the Pragmatic Sanction, and institutes the Concordate, iii. 14 and g, h.
Franciscans, an order of Friars, their rise in xiii cent. ii. 372; why called Friars minors, 373 and u, w; held in great es- teem by the Popes, and their services to the Popes, 373, 374 and x,y; divi- sions early among them, and highly pre- judicial to the papal power, 378; intes- tine quarrels, and how occasioned, ib. but mitigated, 379; spiritual, their in- rease, and new troubles excited, 384; the miseries the spiritual undergo, and, their opposition to the church of Rome, and accounts of them imperfect, 388
and m; impiously assert their founder to be a second Christ in xiv cent. 470; deliberations for reuniting the spirituals to the brethren of the community, or less rigid Franciscans, by Clement V. 472; their quarrel with John XXII. Pope, 478, 479; their invectives against papal authority, and patronised by Lew- is of Bavaria against the pope, 479, 480; peace concluded between them and the Pope, 481; contemn the Fra- tricelli and Tertiaries, who reject the authority of the Pope, ibid. division of this order into the Conventual and the Brethren of the Observation, 483; re- formations among them in xvi cent. iii. 147.
Franks, their kingdom founded in Gaul in v cent. i. 334, 335; conversion, ibid. their empire in Greece in xiii cent. and continuance, ii. 325.
Europeans, so called by the In- dians, iii. 391 and 1. Fratricelli, their origin in xiii cent. ii. 389, 390 and n; are an order of the Fran- ciscans, separated from the grand com- munity of their order, rigorously ob- serve their founder's laws, declaim against the corruption of the Romish church, and her pontiffs, and foretell a Reformation, ibid. how they differed from the Spiritualsof the order, 90 o; their esteem for Celestine V. and why, ibid. deny the legality of the elections of Boniface VIII. and other successors who oppose them, ibid. accounts of them confused and imperfect, ibid. Pi enormities among them in xiv cent. 471; their abolition ordered by Pope John XXII. 473; many of them burned for opposing the Pope's orders, 475 and w; persecuted again in xv cent. 544 and a; they in return put some inqui- sitors to death, ibid.
Freculph, a historian in ix cent. ii. 14, 31. Fredegarius, a historian in vii cent. i. 457. Frederic I. Barbarossa, Emperor, his reso- lution to support the dignity of the Roman empire, and restrain the autho- rity of the church, ii. 264; rejects the insolent order of Pope Adrian IV. ibid. enacts a law to prevent transferring fiefs without the consent of their superior lords, ibid. and n; supports the election of Callixtus III. in opposition to Alexan- der III. 267, 268; concludes a treaty with Alexander, ibid. the servile sub- mission he is said to have paid this haughty prelate doubted, 267 and r.
II. his delay in an expedition against Palestine in xiii cent. ii. 327; is excommunicated, and the reason, ib. and k; concludes a truce with the Sul- tan of Egypt, and takes possession of Jerusalem, 328, 329; is crowned king, ibid. charged with impiety, but the evi-
dence not sufficient, 334; zealous in promoting literature, 337; founder of the academy at Naples, ibid. encoura- ges the study of Aristotle, and how, 342 and x.
Frederic, the Wise, elector of Saxony, es- pouses the cause of Luther in opposi- tion to the order of Pope Leo X. iii. 30.
III. elector Palatine, patronizes the Calvinists in Germany, iii. 279, 280; obliges his subjects to embrace their tenets, ib. and y; his son restores Lu theranism, ibid.
Duke of Holstein, his clemency to the exiled Arminians in xvii cent. who build the town called Frederickstadt, and form a colony there, iv. 138. Frieslanders, a sect of Anabaptists, account of, iv. 166.
Fronto's wretched attempts against Chris- tianity in ii cent. i. 135.
Frumentius, the success of his ministry among the Abassines in iv cent. i. 262; is consecrated their first Bishop, ibid. Fulbert, Bishop of Chartres, his character, ii. 194.
Fulgentius, attacks the Pelagians and Ari-
ans with great warmth in vi cent. i. 417; his treatise on fasting, 423.
Gal, St. propagates the gospel in vii cent. among the Suevi and Helvetii, i. 441. Galanus, attempts to unite the Greek and Romish churches, in xvii cent. iii. 552, 553; his work for that purpose, 533 sub fin. not. d.
Galenists, a sect of the Waterlandians, their rise and history in xvii cent. iv. 167.
Galerius, Maximin, deposes Diocletian, and assumes the empire of the East, i. 248; the sufferings of the Christians un- der him, ibid. having persecuted the Christians in the most horrid manner, orders the persecution to be stopped, 249.
Galilei, the astronomer, his fame, iii. 431;
imprisoned for adopting the sentiments of Copernicus, 506. Gallic Pontiffs, diminution of Papal pow- er under them, ii. 456; their schemes to acquire wealth, 457.
Gallienus, state of the Christians under him, i. 200.
Gallus, persecution under him, i. 119. Gamaliel, Patriarch of the Jews, his cruelty
to the Christians in v cent. i. 341. Gassendi, an eminent philosopher in xvii cent. iii. 431, his philosophy and cha- racter 438; attacks Aristotle and his followers, ibid. and i; alsó Fludd and the Rosecrucians, 439; his wise method of philosophical investigation, ibid. why the chief adversary of Des Cartes, 441; accurate abridgment of his philosophy
by Bernier, 442 m; has not many followers, yet the few he had very emi- nent, and particularly in England, ibid. mathematical sect, its progress, 445 446; favourably received in Britain by Boyle, Sir Isaac Newton, and others 446 and s.
Gaul, by whom converted, and churche when established there, i. 125 and h.
Narbonne, rise of the inquisitio.. there in xiii cent, ii. 421 and 2. Gauls, learning among them, i. 83; the Gospel preached among them with great success, by Martin, Bishop of Tours, in iy cent. i. 263. Gebbard, Archbishop of Cologne, disco- vers a propensity to Lutheranism, iii. 215; marries, is obliged to resign his dignity, and to fly his country,ibið, and k. Geneva, mother of the Reformed church- es, iii. 275; academy founded at, by Calvin, in xvi cent. ibid. consistory es- tablished at, 277; French Protestants enter into its communion, 281; acknow- ledged as a sister church to England under Edward VI. 283; form of eccle- siastical government, 306 and ≈; which is rejected by the English under Queen Elizabeth, ibid. lustre and decline of its academy, iv. 77 and b.
Gennadius, writes against the Latins in xv
cent. and his good character, ii. 516 and n. Gentilis, Valentine, his heresy, iii. 359,
suffers death at Berne, ibid.
Gentilli, council at, in viii cent. about the derivation of the Holy Ghost, i. 522. George the Cyprian, a polemic writer in xii cent. ii. 399.
David, founder of the Davidists in xvi cent. iii. 350; his character and impious tenets, ibid. his body burned at the instigation of his son-in-law, by the council of Basil, ibid. and r.
Georgians, in Asia, converted to Chris- tianity by a captive, i. 262; miserable state after the invasion of the Turks, iii. 189; small remains of religion among them, ibid.
Gerhard's Introduction to Joachim's Ever- lasting Gospel condemned, ii. 382; ac- counts of it erroneous, ibid. w; impious doctrine, 333; throws an cdium'on the Mendicants, and is publicly burnt, ibid. and y
a ringleader of the Fanatics of Munster, iii. 329.
a judicious expositor of Scrip- ture in xvii cent. iv. 26; his moral wri- tings, 29. Germans, their conversion begun in ii cent. i. 125 and f; wholly converted in viii cent. by Winfrid Boniface, 478,479; what judgment to be formed of their apostles, 479, 480.
a sect of Anabaptists in xvi cent. so called, ini. 337.
Germanus, Bishop of Constantinople, a zealous advocate for image worship, i. 506; is degraded on this account by the Emperor Leo the Isaurian, 518. Germany, many churches planted here in iii cent. i. 195 and 1.
Gerson, John, his great character, iii. 429; a zealous opposer of papal despotism, and the design of his writings to check superstition, ibid. and o; labours to re- form the schoolmen in xv cent. iii. 557 and b.
Geyer, a Lutheran expositor of Scripture in xvii cent. iv. 24.
Ghost, Holy, its derivation, controversy concerning in viii cent. i. 521; the ori- gin of this dispute uncertain, 522 and b; debated in a council at Aix la Chapelle and at Rome in the following cent. ii. 48; and the measures taken by the Latin churches on this account, ibid. and h, i.
Gilbert, Bishop of London, his character as a commentator, ii. 289; surnamed The Universal, for his extensive erudi- tion, ibid.
Gildas, a writer in vi cent. his character, i. 418.
Girardin, Dr. Patrick Piers de, his remark- able discourse in the Sorbonne, relative to the project of union between the English and Gallican churches, iv. 233; writes to Archbishop Wake on this ac- count, and the answer he receives, ibid. is highly pleased with the answer, al- though written with a truly Protestant spirit, 234; the correspondence is di- vulged, he is reprimanded by the Abbé du Bois, and threatened with being sent to the Bastile, unless he delivers up all the letters that passed on this occasion, 244, 245; continues a faint correspon- dence with Wake after Du Pin's death, but without effect, 246. Glassius, his sacred philology, iv. 26; great character, 37 and k. Glycas, a good historian in xii cent. ii. 246.
Gnostics, whence their name, i. 111; pre- vailed in the apostolic age, and flourish- ed under the Emperor Adrian, ibid. and s; who comprehended under that 'name, ibid. sprung from the oriental philosophy, ibid. the cause of many dangerous errors concerning the Scrip- tures, 112; their impious opinions about Christ, and moral doctrines, 113; base methods used to support their tenets, 114; dissension among them, whence, 115; their principles revived and adopt- ed in iv cent. 326. Godeschalc, a monk of Orbais in ix cent. ii. 3; begins a controversy concern- ing predestination and grace, 52; his doctrine violently opposed by Rabanus Maurus, ibid. is twice condemned, and
inhumanly treated, 53; his advocates, ibid. tenets and how represented by his advocates, and his opponents, 54 and p; ibid. 55 and q, r; the judgment to be formed of this controversy, 54; dis- pute with Hincmar about the Hymn Trina Deitas, 55.
Godfrey, Duke of Lorraine, engages in the first Crusade in xi cent. ii. 125; his great character, ibid. and r, s; takes Jerusalem, 126; is saluted with the ti- tle of king of Jerusalem, but declines accepting it, and why, ibid. and x. Godofred, the Norman, having conquered Friesland embraces Christianity, in ix
Gomar, Francis, opposes Arminius in his schism, iv. 78; triumphs over him at the synod of Dort, yet gains no ground, ibid. his doctrine despised in England under James I. 93 and h; controversy with Arminius, whence it began, and by whom treated, 128 and c.
Gonesius, introduces the heresy of Serve- tus into Poland, iii. 359 and k. Gorcomius, Henry, a scholastic writer in xv cent. ii. 450.
Goths, their conversion to Christianity, i. 195, 263; their invasion of the Roman empire, 331; cruelty to the Christians in Gaul, 339.
Grace, various controversies concerning, in v cent. i. 396; Augustin's opinions concerning it, in explaining which his disciples are not agreed, ibid. and k; disputes about it in ix cent, and its un- happy consequences, ii. 52, 53; a sub- ject of controversy, in xvi cent. iii. 174; contests about it in xvii cent. and hence the terms Sublapsarians and Su- pralapsarians, iv. 78.
Grandmontains, an order of monks, their rise in xi cent. ii. 187, 189 and ƒ. Granianus's, remonstrance to the Emperor Adrian in favour of the Christians suc- cessful, and by what means, i. 131. Gras, Louisa le, founds the Virgins of Love, a female order in xvii cent. iii. 503.
Gratian, a Monk, composes an epitome of the canon law, ii. 251. Greece, the state of learning there in i
cent. i. 82; Romish missions, iii. 552. Greek and Latin churches, schism between them unhappily revived in xi cent. ii. 202; its progress, 203; many attempts for a reconciliation in xiii cent. ineffec- tual, 413, 414.
language, the study of it much frequented in xiii cent. ii. 341. Greeks, two Emperors among them in xiii cent. ii. 325; their deplorable state af- ter the invasion of the Turks, iii. 186, 187.
Gregory, Thaumaturgus, his works and miracles, i. 213.
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