attendants on the musicians. In the 記Pt. i., p. 3, again, we find 狄人設 谐, which is more to the point, showing that Certain 狄or狄人 were employed in performing the more servile offices at the ceremonies of funerals and mourning. I suppose they were natives of some of the wild Teih tribes; and we know that some of the or guards' were taken from those people. I have ventured to translate the character by our old term 'salvage,' which seems to convey a less intense meaning than savage, 綴衣- -we have seen the meaning of is represented as a screen, with axe-heads figured on it, which was placed under the canopy that overshadowed the emperor, and behind him. As to the meaning of the terms, IBR the 爾雅 Bk. II., sect. 釋宮, says that 'the space, east and west, between the window and the door, was called 展(牖戶之間 ZNA Z. Here the screen in question was placed; and we may believe, with many of the critics, that from its place it took its name. [The only difficulty in the way of this is that in the the character is in the 1st tone; whereas in com bination with it is pronounced in the 2d.] Anything painted or embroidered black and white alternately is said to be The 雅, sect. 釋器 says that ‘an axe is called W the wooden handle being black as compared with the glittering head and edge.' However this be, the screen about which we are concerned is called indifferently 斧 and 黼展 the axe-heads on it being understood to be emblematic of the decision of the imperial determinations. We are to understand that four such screens and tents were arranged in the 黼依依前南鄉 莞筵紛純加繅席畫純加 次席黼純左右玉几: This passage, as translated (not quite accurately, but sufficiently so for my purpose) by Biot, is: 'En général, dans les grands réunions du printemps et de l'automne, dans les grands banquets, dans les cérémonies où l'on tire de l'arc, où un royaume est concédé en fief, où un grand dignitaire est nommé, il dispose le paravent brodé en noir et blanc, à la place que doit occuper l'empereur. Le devant du paravent fait face au midi. Il place la matte en joncs fins à bordure variée. Il ajoute la natte à lisière qui a une bordure peinte. Il ajoute la natte à rangées qui a une bordure mélangée de noir et de blanc. A gauche et à droite sont les petits bancs en jade pour s'appuyer.' Gan-kwo thinks that this character is disputed] is the of the above passage, the topmost of the three mats, the historian not thinking it necessary to describe the others particularly. Possibly it may be so; but the point is really not of much importance. 華玉仍儿一 four positions immediately indicated. Gaubil E-ZE, 'gems of varieGaubil-ZE, is wrong in translating both 狄 and 黼展 in the singular. L'officier appelle Tie eut soin de mettre en état l'ecran, sur lequel etoient représentées des haches.' We are to under stand also that all these and other arrangements gated colours.' The bench was adorned with such. is used as an adj.,—‘usual,' ‘ordinary; intimating that the bench was the same which was used in such position by the living emperor (±ƒ were made by the direction of the GrandGuardian. The of the preceding paragraphs). is to be conceived to be constantly repeated. 15. The first tent and screen were placed Woo Ching, however, explains the term differently, but by no means in so satisfactory a manner. He says:-仍几謂雖飾 in front of the ‘rear hall' belonging to the 之漆之尙仍其質其文 private apartments, of course directly fronting the south, There the king was in the habit 皆滅質也吉事尙文凶事 of giving audience to his ministers and to the princes (此平時見羣臣覲諸尙質故爾, (The benches are called 仍 侯之坐 牖間 would seem, to mean between the windows; but from the account of 展, given above from the 爾雅 JL, because, though they were ornamented and lacquered, their proper material could still be distinguished, its substance not all concealed by the ornamenting. The reason of this was 仍紛筍 仍純豐東 几純席敷夾儿雕席敷序 O漆玄重南○玉畫重西 16 bench and adorned with different-coloured gems. In the side space on the west, facing the east, they placed the different rush mats, with their variegated border; and the usual bench adorned with veined. 17 tortoise-shell. In the side space on the east, facing the west, they put the different mats of fine grass, with their border of painted 18 silk; and the usual bench carved and adorned with gems. Before the western side-chamber, facing the south, they placed the different mats of fine bamboo, with their dark mixed border; and the usual lacquered bench. that in festive matters the ornamental takes the K'ang-shing thinks that bamboo mats, the splints prominence; but on occasions of mourning and sorrow, the simple and substantial. Perhaps very fine, were intended (底致也 we ought to translate in the plural, acc. to. It is really all guess work. the pass. of the Chow Le just referred to. 16.—it is difficult without a picture to get for one's-self or to give the reader an idea of the. They were on the front hall of the private apartments. The wall which was the boundary of this portion of the 'hall' did not extend all the way across, and from the extremity of it short walls were built towards the south, coming forward to about a line with the pillars that supported the 繊 綴 is supposed to have the sense of 雜彩 'variegated.' 17. 東序西嚮comp. on last par. At this point the emp. feasted his ministers and the elders of the king dom (此養國老饗羣臣之坐). -great or superior mats.' Mats made of a kind of grass called (hwan) are probably meant ;-why they were named roof. These walls were originally called the I cannot tell. 序 The 集傳 calls them , acc. to the 爾雅;東西牆謂筍席 by mistake apparently for 莞席 They were so called, as 'fencing-, i.e., silk painted in various col or differencing between the inside and out' ours. (所以序別內外). The screen and tent here spoken of were placed, I believe, in the side space between the and outer wall of the hall. The is descriptive of the position of this space, and is not to be understood of the aspect of the screen and mats, which must always have been towards the south.' Gaubil translates by 'devant 18. 西夾南—this appears to have been the western side apartment,' i.e., of the rear hall,' responding to that on the east, which was the 'wing apartment' (), occupied for the time by prince Ch'aou as the place of mourning. Here the emperor had his private meals 之坐) 筍席-筍 is commonly used for the young and edible shoots of bamboo;' here it is read yun, and means a soft, flexible species of bamboo, of which mats were made. l'appartement occidental,' and Medhurst by in the western ante-chamber;' but both are wrong. The space was not an apartment,' but a portion of the hall with its own designation. Here the-dark mixed border.' How it emperor, morning and evening, took his seat to was mixed, I don't know. Perhaps the silk listen to affairs of business (edging was all dark, but of different shades. 事之坐也 底席 bottom mats. Ma Yung, Wang Suh, and Gan-kwo, KÉZBZ. all say that these mats (or at least the bottom one of them) were made of green rushes or reeds;' and I have so translated. VOL. III. The reason, it is said, for preparing all these places, as if king Ching had been still alive, was to afford so many resting places for his spirit, which it was presumed would be present 70 19 在大圖玉序琬大陳越 西貝之在天大訓寶玉 房鼗舞東球玉在弘赤五 兌鼓衣序河夷西璧刀重 They set forth also the five kinds of gems, and the precious things of display. There were the red knife, the great lessons, the large convex symbol of gem, and the rounded and pointed maces,— all in the side space on the west; the large gem, the gems from the wild tribes of the east, the heavenly sounding stone, and the river plan, all in the side-chamber on the east; the dancing habits of Yin, the large tortoise-shell, and the large drum, all at the ceremony of communicating his dying tended by those terms; but from the Chow Le, charge to his son. They could not tell at what particular spot it would choose to be, and there fore would enable it to have a choice. As Ts'ae expresses it, 將傳先王顧命知神 之在此乎在彼乎,故兼設 平生之坐 P. 19. Display of various precious relics. 越玉五重陳寶,一this clause covers Bk. XX., on the duties of the 典瑞, we lean that there was one 'gem-token' called, and another called 琰. They were each 9 inches long:-the former rounded, expressive of good will; the other pointed, expressive of sharp severity against evil. All these articles were exhibited in the western side-space,' behind the screen, &c., of p. 16. 大玉至東 the rest of the par, which gives in detail the|序一大玉,‘great gem-stone;’but said by gems and precious relics, with the places in Kang-shing to be from mount Hwa. 夷玉 which they were set forth. Ying-tă has noticed this construction of the par.:此經為‘gem-stones contributed by the E, or wild tribes 下總目下復分别言之1 take 陳 passively, and understand a列 fore 下, governing both it and 寶 刀一 赤 -the red knife.' This was, no doubt, a knife which had been distinguished at some time in the history of the empire. It would be of no use wearying ourselves, as the critics have done in vain, to discover what knife it was. Concerning the great lessons' Gaubil enquires: Was this the history of the empire, or some Book of religion or morals? or the one and the other?' We might put such questions indefinitely. Wang Suh thought we were to understand the Canons and Counsels of Parts I. and II. Ts'ae would go farther back, to the 'Books of the three and five mentioned by Gan-kwǒ in his Introduction to the Shoo; but be included! 弘(=大)璧 6 of the east: Ts'ae would take 夷 as一常, 'common,' which does not seem at all so likely a meaning. 天球-see for the meaning on the Yih and Tseih,' p. 9. Gaubil a celestial globe, or something else, to represent the movement of the stars.' But the use of the character E for 'a globe' is quite modern. 河圖,−this was some scheme to represent the first suggestions of the eight diagrams of Fuh-he. The fable was, that a dragon-horse came forth from the waters of the Ho, having marks or signs on his back, from which that emperor got his idea. See what is said on the 'Book of Lŏ,' p. 321. 至西房 Bk. IV. 之 see on the name of Pt. III., 大貝‘great tortoise-shell.* Among the gifts by which the friends of king Wan propitiated the tyrant Show, when he had confined the rising chief in prison, mention is he thinks the lessons of Wăn and Woo may also -see on Bk. VI., p. 4, where also the duke of Chow is represented as holding a mace (理) in his hand. To the imperial理, ‘maces,' or 'sceptres,'belonged the 璇琰 From the text we should | dyn, called 鼗鼓, made 8 feet long. That in made of a tortoise-shell curved as the pole of a carriage. There was a drum under the Chow naturally have concluded that one article was in- the text, however, would probably be a similar 20 塾次左面輅賓 塾之前 前。 輅作面輅東之和 右前在階綴在房。竹之 in the western apartment; and the spear of Tuy, the bow of Ho, and the bamboo arrows of Suy,-all in the eastern apartment. The grand carriage was by the guests' steps, facing the south. The next carriage was by the eastern steps, facing the south. The foremost carriage was in the front of the left lobby; and the next carriage was in the front of the right lobby. -Tuy, Ho, and Suy were, no doubt, famous artificers of antiquity, and distinguished respectively for the making of the several articles here mentioned. That is all we can be said to know of Tuy and Ho, but Suy is supposed to be the same with Shun's minister of Works. Ts'ae suggests that the various articles here enumerated were set forth not merely as relics of the empire, but as having been favourites with king Ching;-to keep up the illusion of everything appearing as if he were there alive. He gives also a good remark from Yang She ‘the front carriage' the木格; and 次軟 'the next carriage (or carriages) in order,' both fers from all the old commentators. Gan-kwo, the 象輅 and the 革路. In this view he difMa Yung, and Wang Suh took the carriages in the par. to be those of the Chow Le in the order of their rank, the fourth, or leather carriage-the chariot of war-being omitted, as inappropriate to the occasion. K'ang-shing had a view of his was with him, as the others, was also a own. The大輅 the, but the 玉 路 No. 2, while the 先輅 and the 次 were the象路 and a象路No. 2 (玉 I should 路之貳象路之貳) prefer to adopt the view of Gan-kwo and those who agree with him. There can be no satisfac tory explanation given of the names 綴先 and, and our course is simply to translate (楊時,中庸傳):-宗器於祭陳 之示能守也於顧命陳之 them as we best can. The carriages were all "The articles of honour were set forth at the sacrifices, to show that the emperor could preserve them; they were set forth at the ceremonies of announcing a testamentary charge, to show that he could transmit them.' P. 20. Display of imperial carriages. In the Chow Le, Bk. XXVII., on the duties of the ii, riages, which were of five kinds,一下, 金, we have a full account of the imperial car arranged inside the Loo () gate; and this gives us some idea of the dimensions of the palace, or the ground which it inclosed, as two carriages could stand opposite to each other (and not close together, we may suppose) between the gate and the steps by which the hall was ascended. On the west of the hall were the guests' steps, those by which visitors ascended; on the east were those appropriate to the host, the 主階, called here 阼階. The front of those steps was of course towards the south. The 爾雅 says 門側之堂 by ,, and .e., the grand carriage ornamented with gems; the second, ornamented with metal (gold, we may suppose); the third, Halls by the side of the gate ornamented with ivory; the fourth with leather and lacquered; the fifth, a wooden carriage, lacquered. Ts'ae supposes that all the five carriages are included in the text, the grand carriage being the (or, which is the more common designation); connected carriage,' being the 'the were called. We may translate 西冕于人夾弁之 執西 戣立于 執 冕爾執内立人 堂執階戈四于雀 人 立- 劉上人皇 東冕于人立一刃綦門執 21 Two men in brownish leather caps, and holding three-cornered halberds, stood inside the gate leading to the private apartments : Four men in caps of spotted deer-skin, holding spears with upturned blades, stood one on each side of the steps east and west, and near to the platform of the hall. One man in a great officer's cap, and holding an axe, stood in the hall near the front at the east end. One man in a great officer's cap, and holding a somewhat different axe, stood in the hall, near the front at the west end. One man in a great officer's cap, and holding a lance, stood at the they were brought, by the officer called 典路 from their usual houses or repositories. How they were brought inside the Loo gate cannot be explained so clearly. Ming-shing says that from the Loo to the Kaou or outer gate there was a level way. This is not the case now in the structure of the large public buildings from which I have endeavoured to give a general idea of king Ching's palace. was dif四人至階-the綦弁 ferent in form from the 雀弁, in being with out the surmounting cover. It was made of the skin of a spotted deer, probably the axis. The spear had a blade with upturned edge, projecting on one side from the base of the point. 堂廉日记 ‘The side of the plat P. 21. Arrangement of guards about the gate form of the hall was called The two and hall. 二人至之内一弁is stairs' are mentioned, in the last par. We are sometimes used as a general designation for all coverings of the head used in ancient times. to conceive of a guard accoutred as described, standing near the platform of the hall on each Here it denotes a leathern cap worn by guards, side of the steps by which it was ascended. and which is figured something like a 冕 having|一人至西堂-the 冕 here was of the surmounting cover, but no pendents attach- the same form as that worn by the emperor, ed. 雀弁‘sparrow cap,'ie., acc. to Kang-| pendents and the nature of the gems strung but distinguished from it by the number of the upon them. The critics are probably right in determining that the here was that worn shing, with reference to the colour, which was like a male sparrow's head. The was a species of . a kind of spear or lance, sharp- by a大夫 or 'great officer,' having 'five was a pointed, with hooks bending downwards (pendents with black gems.’ 鉞 is the com矛上而旁勾上所以 mon name for ‘a battle-axe.' The 劉 象物之旁勾所以象物 weapon of the same kind, but with some peculi之生). Gan-kwǒ says the 車 三隅 By 西堂 and 東堂 we are to under was †, 'a three-cornered maou.' I suppose the point above the 'hooks' was fashioned in this way, which would make it more a halberd than a spear. We have seen that 畢門 is another name for 路門. These two men stood, each on one side, inside the fifth gate, within which everything yet described had been transacted. arity of form, which it is difficult to ascertain, stand the portion of the front hall' or platform east and west, in front of the two described on par. 19. K'ang-shing says: 序内半 以前日堂此立於東西堂 |