תמונות בעמוד
PDF
ePub

無敢昏

逾。

守敬 敬◎達肄麗王昔 在殷不陳宣君 後集違教重文 威乏用則光王

守文武大訓

嗣 侗命克肄實武

5 The former sovereigns, king Wăn and king Woo, displayed in succession their equal glory, making sure provision for the support of the people, and setting forth their instructions. The people

accorded a practical submission; they did so without any opposition, so that their influence extended to Yin, and the great 6 appointment of Heaven was secured. After them, I, the stupid one, received with reverence the dread decree of Heaven, and continued to keep the great instructions of Wăn and Woo, not daring blindly to transgress them.

The brilliant and successful rule of Wan and Woo. There is no difficulty in this way with

Këang Shing also takes this view, and attributes

the repetition of to the gasping utterance of the dying king. This is not necessary. The repetition of the character gives emphasis to its

昔君-先王,‘the former kings.’昔 is used as an adj. 宣重光‘published-manifested—their doubled light,'=相 繼而能明其德 as Chin Ya-yen | meaning. I put no comma after the 1st 肄

expresses it, 'continued one the other, and could make their virtue illustrious.' This is much better than to understand, with Ma Yung and

Keang Shing, that is the light of the heavenly bodies combined together, and that

重光is merely a figurative description of the virtue of Wăn and Woo, as like the brightness of the sun and moon.

奠(一定)麗 -comp. Bk. XVIII., p. 5. I take 麗 in the

same way as there. The various views of its

meaning taken by the critics all re-appear on this passage.

則肄肄不違肄

[ocr errors]

as is generally done.

用克達殷一 thereby they could reach to all Yin,' i.e., the whole empire came under their influence.

6. How king Ching had endeavoured to discharge his kingly duties.

在後之侗The

stupid one who was after them. So Ching designates himself. Gan-kwo and Woo Ch'ing

And in侗 the idea of ‘youth' as well as of

‘stupidity) (侗幼而未有知也);

but there is no such idea in the term in Ana.,

VIII., xvi. Këang Shing, on the authority of

the 訛文, and partly also of Ma Yung,

is found with the meanings of 習, to practise, edits 在夏后之訴 from which he and of y, to toil. Gan-kwǒ takes the latter endeavours to force out the meaning of 承文 meaning, and understands the characters of武之業在中夏為諸侯之

Wăn and Woo, = 'thus they toiled ; and though 共主,‘receiving the possession of Wăn

they toiled, they did nothing contrary to what

and Woo, and being in the Central Great Land

was right'(文武勤勞雖勞而 the common lord of all the princes!' 敬 不違道). So, Lin Che-k'e, as far as regards | 迓天威I reverently met (=set, mythe meaning of 肄. The other meaning, however, is preferable. It was approved by Choo He, and adopted by Ts'ae. Acc. to it, 民, ‘the people,' is understood as the subject of

self to receive) the dread decree of Heaven.'

By 天威 is meant, no doubt, the 大命

of last par.,–the appointment to the empire, enforced by the dread requirements of Heaven

7

以亂邦邇艱元時

釗 ○安難。子

冒威

貢儀

九節

[ocr errors]

勸 ○釗 釗言悟

劉小大

非無 自庶

[ocr errors]

濟敬尙殆

保明

"Now Heaven has laid affliction on me, and it seems as if I should not again rise or be myself. Do you take clear note of my words, and in accordance with them watch reverently over my eldest son, Ch'aou, and greatly assist him in the difficulties of his 8 position. Be kind to those who are far off, and help those who are near. Promote the tranquillity of the States, small and great, and encourage them to well-doing.

9

"I think how a man has to govern himself in dignity and with decorum :-do not you allow Ch'aou to proceed heedlessly on the impulse of improper motives."

from those who held it.

7, 8. The general |勸小大衆國安之使國得

duties which the ministers would have to perform

'tranquillize them, making the States feel in a condi

for his son and successor. 今天至弗 安存勸之使相勸為善,

悟-Ts'ae puts a comma at 疾, and joins | tion of tranquil safety; encourage them, mak

with the words that follow, as an adverb, ing them emulate one another in well-doing.'

=‘probably, it is to be feared that' Gan-|遠邇 and 大小庶邦 are composite

kwo and Keang Shing put the comma after designations for the whole empire.

9.

4, and make it an adj., descriptive of the Special charge to them to watch over the character sickness. I prefer the former construction. of his son. 思夫人-夫人,‘this 弗悟;' will not awake,' ie., to a man,''men' generally, or any man.' 自

see

conscious ability for my duties. 元子|亂(-治)于威儀-for威儀 剑-Ching thus declares his eldest son as on(The Doctrine of the Mean,'xxvii., 3. his successor. Chaou was the son's name. He 貢一進,‘to advance.' 非幾一

is known in history by his honorary title of K'ang (康). I have not been able to ascertain 弘濟于

how old he was at his accession.

'improper springs,' i.e., of action. Choo He was asked the meaning of this phrase by one

of his disciples, who said that most critics took

艱難−no particular hardships and difficul- 幾 in the sense of 危‘perilous,’but that

ties are meant, in which the new emperor might

he thought it should be taken as simply =

be involved, but those of his position generally.事, and 非幾=非所當為之 As the Daily Explanation' has it:一宗 事, things which ought not to be done. 社之重·基業之大付之一人, The master answered that 幾 meant 事 可謂艱難矣柔遠能 柔遠能逾 之微, the small beginnings or sqwings of

–see the ‘Can. of Shun,' p. 16.

勸云云,Ying-tǔ
云云, Ying-tá says: 又當安

things.’Ching had in view, no doubt, the mind of his son, as the spring and regulator of all

his conducte

[ocr errors]

干齊桓崩越還幾。 翼出O 戈o

延釗虎呂宮太阳綴鞋 ◎入於賁伋毛保乙衣旣 丁讓南百以俾命丑于受 卯室門人二仲王庭命

10 Immediately on receiving this charge, the officers retired. The tent was then carried out into the court; and on the next day, being Yih-ch'ow, the king died.

11

II. The Grand-protector then ordered Chung Hwan and Nankeung Maou to instruct Leu Keih, the prince of Ts'e, with two shield-and-spearmen and a hundred guards, to meet the prince Ch'aou outside the south gate, and conduct him to one of the wing apartments near to that where the king lay, there to be as chief

mourner.

10. The king's death.

carried out into the court. Into what court?

student prepared to understand the next chapter,

兹旣受命 | charge; and that ceremony over, it was now 環(read seven),一兹 is to be taken adverbial This question will be best answered, and the ly,=是時,‘then.' We must understand if I refer to the form of the imperial palace in 羣臣‘all the ministers' as the subject of the time of Chow. It will easily be conceived 受命 還=退,‘retired,' ie, from the courts of the high officers throughout the

the apartment where they had received the charge. Gan-kwǔ, as amplified by Ying-tă, makes the meaning to be that they retired from around the king to the ceremonial places in the apartment appropriate to their different ranks. In this way the interpreter only gives himself trouble. I prefer the simpler view. -we are obliged to seek a meaning for here quite difft. from that assigned to it in Bk. XIX., p. 1, where it denotes the keeper of the robes.' K'ang

出綴衣于庭一

shing would make the 衣 to mean the grave clothes,' and 綴衣='they made the grave clothes’(連綴小殮大殮之衣 But this view, though defended by Ming-shing,

may safely be pronounced absurd. If it were to be admitted, we should have to find a third

meaning for the phrase on its recurrence in P.

14. Ts'ae is right in defining it here, after Gan

kwǔ, by幄帳, a kind of ‘tent,’or curtains and canopy, set up over the emperor, when he held audiences. This had been prepared when he sent for his ministers to give them his last

by any one who has studied the architecture of empire at the present day.

The palace was much more long or deep than wide, consisting of five series of buildings, continued one after another, so that, if it had been according to etiquette, and all the gates had been thrown open, one might have walked in a direct line from the first gate to the last. The difft. buildings were separated by courts partially open and embracing a large space of ground. The gates of the different divisions, had their particular names. The first or outer gate, fronting the south,

was called 臬門; the second was called 雉門; the third, 庫門; the fourth, 應 門; and the fifth 路門, called also 畢門 ) and 虎門. Outside the second gate–the 雉門— –was held the Fouter levee,'(外朝)

when the sovereign received the princes and officers generally. Outside the 5th gate-the 路門— -was held the audience of govern

ment’(治朝), when the king met his ministers, to consult with them on the business of the State. Inside this gate were the buildings which formed the private apartments, called

, in the hall of which was held 'the inner

audience'), and where the sovereign on occasions feasted those whom he designed specially to honour.

[Such is the general view of the palace given by Choo He. Acc. to K'ang-shing, the second gate was the 庫門, and the 雉門 was

the third. Into a discussion of this point we need not enter. The gates were only gates according to our idea, in name, and included a large space, covered by a roof supported on pillars.]

The place where Ching delivered his testamentary charge was probably the hall in front of his bed-chamber, a sort of throne with curtains and canopy-the-being provided for the occasion. When he had finished, either before or after the retirement of the ministers, he was removed back to his chamber, and the tent-so to name it-was carried out into the

Ting (TA or ‡JA). His place at court, say all the critics, was that of

氏 or master of the guards. If it was so, it

shows the dignity of that office, that it should be held by one of the chief princes of the

empire. 以二千戈虎賁百

-Gan-kwo supposed that 'the two shieldand-spearmen' were Hwan and Maou themselves, and that the meaning is that these officers were sent to the prince of Ts'e to get from him a hundred of the guards under his command, whom they preceded with spear and shield, to meet the prince. But the text, as it stands, will not bear this interpretation. does seem strange, indeed, that only two men thus armed should have been selected; but so the record says. Medhurst, by mistake, took for and has rendered-' two thousand spearmen.' The style might have suggested to him that he was in error.

It

court within the 路門. Medhurst mistook 逆子釗於南門之外-逆一

the meaning, and translated, 'to meet.' Ts'ae and most of the other

[blocks in formation]

-the Grand-Guardian being also the, or 'prime minister,' the regulation of all matters fell to him. Of Chung Hwan and Nan-keung Maou, we know nothing more than is here related. They were, no doubt, officers of trust and distinction about

[blocks in formation]

to the throne, might be seen by all. ZLE the court. 俾爱齊侯simply=使齊|入翼室恤宅宗--翼室,‘a wing 'to cause,' or 'to instruct the prince of apartment. On each side of the hall, immediTs'e.' 14-14, but the has ately in front of the private apartments, called the 後堂, the there was a 夾室,side cham

little independent meaning. Këang Shing would define it by, to lead,' after the

but what then becomes of the , to which

is merely supplementary.

ber, or wing, only not spread out, as in our idea of the wings of a house. That to which the prince was conducted was the

The prince'side chamber on the east.' 恤 宅宗=為憂居之宗主,‘to

of Ts'e was the son of 太公, the friend and

minister of king Wăn, who had been enfeoffed by Woo with the principality of Tse, the capital of which was Ying-kew (), in the pres. dis. of Lin-tsze, dep. of Tsing-chow, Shan-tung. Keih is known in history as duke

be the lord of the mournful dwelling.' The mourning shed' called was not yet

erected. At the present stage the apartment indicated in the text was the proper one for the prince to occupy.

12

純仍笺設命七命 文敷儿席間黼士日作 貝重○黼南展須癸册 仍底 純嚮綴材西度。 几席序華敷衣○○ ○綴東玉重○ 越蓄

On the day Ting-maou (two days after the king's death), he ordered a record to be made of the charge, and the ceremonies to be 13 observed in publishing it. On Kwei-yew, the seventh day after, as chief of the west and premier, he ordered the proper officers to provide the wood for all the requirements of the funeral.

14 The salvage men set out the screens ornamented with figures 15 of axes, and the tents. Between the window and the door, facing the south, they placed the different mats of bamboo basket-work, with their striped borders of white and black silk; and the usual

12. The writing of the charge, and of the cere monies to be observed. The order here given is to

as an adj.,='requisite,' 'necessary,' and

be understood as from the Grand-Guardian. It will required from the proper officers

would be given to the, or 'Recorder of

the Interior,' who was charged with the writing

of the appointments of the emperor

掌書王命

;-see the Chow Le, Bk.

the necessary materials,' those materials being probably of wood, though that is not necessarily

implied in the term. So Gan-kwo:

致材木須待以供喪用 Acc.

to the usual custom, the deceased monarch had

XXVI.). 作册度=爲册書 been shrouded and cofined on the day 壬申,

'to make the writing on a tablet (or

tablets), and the regulations.' For what was thus written see par. 24. The regulations are all the ceremonies connected with conveying the appointment of Ching to his son. Few, if any, students, I apprehend, will be found to adopt Keang Shing's notion, that by is intended, the measure of

the seventh after the day of his death. The duties to him, therefore, were so far forward, that they might proceed to the announcement of his testamentary charge. There were only the shell or outer coffin (), and what were called the to be further provided; and it was with reference to them, I suppose, that the order in this par. was given. On those the length of the tablets.' 13. An order to see the Le Ke, Bk., T 明器 1P-no doubt the Grand- Pt. i., p. 44, et al. It is not easy, however, to guardian is still intended. In the 1st par, of say definitely all that we are to understand the next Bk. he is introduced as leading for here by . Ming-shing goes more at length ward all the princes of the western regions,' and into an examination of the point than any we have seen before that he and the duke of other of the critics whom I have seen. Chow were the two chiefs,' the one having under his jurisdiction the east of the empire, and the other the west. Shih is here designated

prepare wood.

accordingly, as uniting the dignities of Chief

and Premier, though it is difficult to assign a

Pp. 14-18. At four points, where the emperor

had been wont to receive his guests, the arrangements are made as if he were still alive.

14.

reason why the compiler of the Bk. should vary in the Le Ke, Bk., p. 22, 狄設一in Bk.祭統

his style in so perplexing a manner.

Ts'ae

defines by to take,' ' to procure;' but this meaning of the character is not found in the dict., nor is it necessary. We may take it

we find-翟者樂吏之賤者; and 翟 狄

assuming that and are interchangeable,

thehere are commonly described as 'the

« הקודםהמשך »