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上越暴弗民兹
弗民訓后牧
作○乃德

往三則謀

牧宅乃準兹惟

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宅耿陟後任德宅乃面準 克命丕○是惟無宅用 帥乃釐亦惟乃義人不惟

you will discharge your royal duty. If you judge by the face only, and therefrom deem men well schooled in virtue and appoint them, then those three appointments will all be occupied by unrighteous 3 people.' The way of Kee, however, was not to observe this precedent. Those whom he employed were cruel men;-and he had no suc

cessor's.

towards men who are not virtuous, and place

4 III. “ After him there was T'ang the Successful, who, rising to the throne, greatly administered the bright ordinances of God. He employed to fill the three high positions those who were equal to those mentioned in the ‘Canon of Shun,'p. 20. He | 向;不for不;義 for 儀 ; and interprets, gives for the whole:一謀所見之If your counsels are deceived, and you move 事無疑則能用大順德乃 em in these offices, then the occupants of 居賢人于衆官若此乃 these three positions will be able to give no good 3. 桀德能三居無義民大罪之 example to the people. ‘K‘ëč's virtue,' i.e., his evil way, being in a 四裔次九州之外 其國 之外,‘Consult on the ground of the things you have seen before your face, and which will not admit of doubt; you can then employ those who are greatly accordant with virtue, and will be able to fill all the offices with men of worth. Thereafter you can locate the unrighteous people in the three places assigned to them:-those whose crimes are heinous, farthest among the

bad sense.

弗作往 did not do the past,'

.e., did not imitate the example of Yu in employing the worthy. The language is not clear, but it is better to point and construe as I have done, –after Ts'ae. Gan-kwǒ and Këang Shing have each a different method; but they take the same view of the whole paragraph.

任是惟

four wild tribes; less heinous criminals beyond 暴德=所任者乃惟暴德之人

the nine provinces; and those whose offences are lighter still beyond the boundaries of their

several States. This interpretation of 三宅

is altogether foreign to the scope of the para-
graph; but it continued till the Sung dynasty,
and even then Soo Tung-po followed it.

謀面is ‘to judge merely from the face, or
outward appearance.’ 謀面用丕訓
德則乃宅人=徒謀之面貌
用以為天順于德乃宅
任之 Këang Shing avoids the old inter-
pretation of 三宅, and brings out a meaning

Ch. III. Pp. 4, 5. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE

SAME PRINCIPLE EXEMPLIFIED IN THE HISTORY

OF THE SHANG DYNASTY. 4. 亦越 may be taken, with Tsae, as a compound conjunction, = our' again,' 'further.' 陟不釐上帝 and greatly regulated 之耿命‘ascended,

the bright appointment of God.', ascended,' seeins to be used with reference to Tang's becoming emperor. Other explanations of the term are given, but it is not worth while to dwell

from being the chief of a second-rate State

on them. 釐=理 or治, (to regulate,'‘to

something like what I have given, but by hard administer. Gan-kwo prefers the meaning of

shifts. He reads 亂 before謀; takes 面=

give;’but very inappropriately. The 賜,‘to

羞在德方厥商宅 不克宅 ◎用邑 邑邑

暴德鳴 其用

暨呼式在協其用

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之惟其見四于在三惟 惟俊

positions; and those who were called possessors of the three grades of ability could display that ability. He then studied them severely and greatly imitated them, making the utmost use of them in their three positions and with their three grades of ability. The people in the cities of Shang were hereby all brought to harmony, and those in the different quarters of the empire were brought greatly under the 5 influence of the virtue thus displayed. Oh! when the throne of Tang came to Show, his character was all violence. He preferred men of severity, princes of States who deemed cruelty a virtue, to share

meaning is, that when T'ang was established | empire because he was able to use the right

harmony with the mind of God. His institu

on the throne, his whole system of govt. was in (湯之嚴威惟能大法 tions might be regarded as divine ordinances. 于天下者以其能用三宅 乃用三有宅克郎宅三俊). They differ, however, in the mean

is clearly paraphrased in the Daily Explana

struction of the text is far inferior to that of

tion-乃又能旁求賢才相助 ing which they give to 三宅; but their con為理所用以居常伯常任, Leu Tsoo-been and other critics, which I have 準人之官為三有宅者實 followed. 惟 is not the particle, but the verb, 能就是位而不曠廢其職 一思‘to think of,' ‘to study;' and 式 法or效, ‘to imitate.' Tsoo-heen says that Tang's way with E Yin, first sitting as a learner at his feet, and then reposing entire confidence in him as his minister, may illustrate the meaning. 其在商邑,by ‘the cities of

Still more evident here than in the 2d par. is

the blunder of Gan-kwǒ in taking 三宅 of

‘the three places of banishment..

俊‘the three or three classes of posses

sors of ability, men among a thousand.' Gan-kwŏ and Keang Shing suppose that men are meant who possessed the three virtues' mentioned in

"The Great Plan,' p. 17; but it is simpler to

understand that by are intended men who

had talenta and virtue which would make

them eligible to the three high positions. On such Tang had his notice fixed, and was

Shang' we are to understand all the territory of

the imperial domain. 用丕式見德

- thereby were led to great imitation, and saw the virtue of their sovereign.' The 'Daily Ex

planation' expands it: 其在四方之 遠而自慕者用以大為取 prepared to call them to office at the proper 法如親見其君德而無不 time. 日三有俊克 順治焉 5. 其在受,一comp. 俊所 稱三俊實能就是德而不e commencement of parr.ò and 6 in Bk. XV. 浮其名: 嚴惟至三俊- 愍=强, (strong,''violent.' Ts'ne explains Woo Ching may be said to expunge 嚴惟 he advanced 羞進任刑戮者, 不式, for he says that they are ‘a form of introduction) (發語辭). Gan-kwǒ and

Keang Shing interpret the passage thus:

Tang's majesty became a great example to the

VOL. III.

to office those who punished capitally.' Keang

Shing also gives 進任 for羞; but I must take 羞刑 as a description of 暴德之 人, men of violent character, like his own, who

65

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人同于厥邦乃

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之同惟

with him in the government of the empire; and at the same time, the host of his associates, men who counted idleness a virtue, shared the offices of his court. God then sovereignly punished him,

and caused us to possess the great empire, enjoy the favouring decree which Shang had afore received, and govern all the people in their myriad realms.

IV. "Subsequently there were king Wăn and king Woo, who knew well the minds of those whom they put in the three positions, and clearly saw the minds of those who had the three grades of ability. Thus they could employ them reverently to serve God,

advanced(=deemed) punishments as the proper instrument of govt.' Show had pleasure only in those princes of the States who were such.

频邦, ‘his countries,' seems to be opposed to 厥政, ‘his govt., ie, the fiefs to the court.

I take in the sense of 'sovereignly.' Anything with the express sanction of imperial authority is so denominated.

我有 夏式商受命使我周有此 諸夏用商所受之命· 奄 甸萬姓‘entirely to rule the myriad Compare in Bk. XIV., p. 6,成 湯革夏俊民甸四方 We need

surnames.'

|

6. Ts'ae observes that when it is said that Wăn and Woo knew the minds and saw the

minds of the 三宅 and 俊, this is equivalent to the language of the 2d par., It certainly 迪知忱恂而非謀面.

indicates that those sovereigns sought to obtain the most thorough knowledge of those whom they placed or would place in the highest offices of trust. Tsoo-heen calls attention to the differ

ence between 知 and 見-They knew what

was in the highest servants of their govt.; they saw what the men of ability could prove them.

selves to be, when called to employment.

whom Wăn and Woo 立民長伯,−those thus appointed were the 三宅and 三俊

not seek for any other meaning to 甸(as Ts'ae Tsae, arguing from the language of the Bk.

does) than the general one of 治, to govern’王制 in the Le Ke, makes the 長 to be the governors of a or five States, and the 伯

-comp. Pt. III., Bk. III., p. 9. I sup

pose that is used without any particular to be the Chiefs of a p reference to the surnames of the people as being

so many, or that 萬姓=萬邦之民

Ch. IV. Pp. 6–15. THE SAME PRINCIPLE OF ANXIETY ABOUT EMPLOYING THE RIGHT MEN EXEMPLIFIED IN THE KINGS WAN AND WOO.

or 210 States. Ido not think that we need to seek for such a de. finite application of the terms. Ch'in Leih says that it was a common practice of antiquity for the princes of States to reside at the imperial court, and there sustain office, while the officers of the court were also sent forth, as princes of

尹臣

尹伯庶常吉

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伯百伯府攜 虎 ® 牧 牧、政、 司藝 僕小賁作任 太人大百尹三人 史表都司左衣事。準

7 and appointed them as presidents and chiefs of the people. To establish their government, they had the men of office, the officers of law, and the pastors, and these appointments were their three 8 concerns. They had also their guards; their officers of the robes; their equerries; their heads of petty officers; their personal attendants; 9 their various overseers; and their treasurers. They had their governors of larger assigned cities and of the smaller; their men of arts; the overseers whose offices were beyond the court; their grand historiographers; and their chiefs of direction :-all, good men of constant virtue.

States. See the 集說 7. Këang Shing

briefly and comprehensively explains this par.

all the officers who had their special individual charges. Many are mentioned in the Chow

Le,the司服,司門市司甲 司弓矢 &c. 庶府 all the trea

文武立政任人,準夫牧,
為三事 任人 is the 常任 of par.
1; 準夫, the 準人; and 牧, the常伯
the 大府
8. The long enumeration of officers in

this and some following paragraphs has no
organic connection with the rest of the Book,

the argument of which would be improved by

the omission of it. I have shown in one of the

introductory notes how Wang Pih would dispose

of it. All that we can do is to explain the various designations in the best way we can.

趣 (read ts'ow) 馬‘equerries' These belonged to the department of the 校

XXVIII. and XXXII.

or masters of the imperial stud. Their rank was that of下士. See the Chow Le, Books 小尹=小官 之長, the heads of small officers. We cannot define the designation more particularly. 左右攜-Gan-kwǒ understands this phrase as in the translation,-左右攜 持器物之僕 Tsae supposes that

has this signification, and that denotes

surers.

,

In the Chow Le, Bk. Vl., we have or 'Grand Treasurer;' the E 府 or 'Treasurer of gems, pearls, gold ornaments,' &c.; the 内府, or ‘Keeper of the inner

,

treasury;' and the 外府 or 'Keeper of

the outer treasury,'-the treasury of disbursements.

Other 府 are mentioned in other

places. Wang Yen says:‘The 庶府 denote wealth' (凡掌財). 9. The 大都 小伯 must be construed, with Ch'in Shaounan, 大小都伯‘the commandants of of what is called ‘interlaced style’(互文 見意), and when completed would be大 都之伯小都之伯 On the meaning of 都 see the note on Mencius, II., Pt. II.,

all charged with the management of the imperial

Too, great and small. The clause is an instance

iv., 4. By the ‘great Too' here we are to

(charioteers' (僕御). Woo Ching, again | understand the cities in the imperial domain

would confine the two characters to this latter assigned for the support of the highest nobles

meaning. Gan-kwy's interpretation seems the (公之采邑), and by the ‘small Too’the preferable. 百司=‘the hundred super- cities assigned to those of inferior dignity. intendents or overseers. The phrase denotes|藝人,一

men of arts'. This is understood to

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10 "In the various States there were the minister of Instruction, the minister of War, and the minister of Works; with the many officers subordinate to them.

11

12

Among the wild tribes of the Wei, the Loo, and the Ching; in the three Po; and in dangerous places: they had wardens.

"King Wan was able to have in himself the minds of those in the three high positions, and so it was that he established those regular officers and superintending pastors, so that they were men of ability

include, according to the language of the Le Ke, Bk., Pt. iv., p. 10, 'all who employ their arts in the govt., priests, historiographers, archers, charioteers, doctors, diviners, and the practisers of the various mechanical arts' (

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... 醫卜,及百工) 表臣百司these 百司 are distinguished from those in the prec. par. by the addition of, outside ministers. We are to understand officers with special charges, as in the former case, but located away from the court.

犬史see on Bk. X., p. 13. We are to understand here not only the 'Grand Historiographer,' but

all the officers in his department. 1 is defined by Ts'ae 有司之長, (the heads

of the several classes of offices.' He illustrates his meaning by referring to the #), or 'butcher,' and the, or cook,

whose offices were both subordinate to that of

the, or 'master cook,' who was their 10 -this is descriptive

ants of T'ang's original subjects, and could not be classed with the under which term therefore we can only include the, the

and the . The two first of these are mentioned in the 2d par. of Bk. II., referred to

above, with other wild tribes, who acted with the forces of king Woo in his overthrow of

Show. The are not mentioned there, and there is much difference of opinion as to how that term should be taken. Gan-kwo adopts the meaning of, 'the multitudes;' Ming

shing approves that of, rulers,' which is given to it in the E; and others suppose

it is the name of a wild tribe, like the two

preceding terms. The

'three Po' were Mung

or the northern Pŏ,' in the pres. dis. of Shang-k'ew, dep. of Kwei-tih in Ho-nan; the western Po, in the pres. dis. of Yen-sze, dep. of Ho-nan; and the 'southern Po,' which was only a few le from the northern. Ts'ae says that he

does not understand the meaning of . He
supposes however that it may mean 'strong
positions' (B-) throughout the five do-
positions')
mains, where it was deemed proper to locate

of the officers enumerated, and of the subordi- special officers. K'ang-shing joined it with nates employed by them. , and supposed that it denoted the three strong-holds, where the overseers of the different Po were placed.

P. 10. This par. has reference to the various officers in the States of the princes. See 'The Speech at Muh,' p. 2.

P. 11. This par. would seem to go on to speak of the officers,-overseers or governors, whom Wan and Woo appointed among the wild tribes, the at the close belonging to each of the tribes specified, all included under the com

Pp. 12-15. Further exemplification in Wăn and Woo of their anxiety to get right men; and of the confidence which they reposed in them when

got. 12. 文王惟克厥宅心

--we must explain these words from the

mencing 夷. The 三亭, however, occasions | 知三有宅心 in par. 6. King Wăn was

a difficulty, for their people were the descend- able to know fully the minds of his officers,

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