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○之惟之牝無

言人曰

今索家晨鷄晨雞日有古

5 II. The king said, "The ancients have said, 'The hen does not announce the morning. The crowing of a hen in the morning

that he was present at Muh;-if indeed the of the the text was the same officer

who is so designated in the Chow Le. Ts'ae

Wei was to the east, radiating from the pres. dis. of Pa (), dep. of Chung-k‘ing, as Loo is referred to the present dis.

a centre.

follows Gan-kwo in saying that the of Nan-chang (), dep. of Seang-yang

were the officers who guarded the gates'), in Hoo-pih. The name of 千夫長百夫

兵守門者》

長一 —we can only translate these designations literally as I have done. According to the Chow Le, five men formed a woo (1); five woo, or 25 men, formed a leang (); four lëang, or 100 men, formed a tsuh (Z); five tsuh, or 500 men, formed a leu ); five leu, or 2,500 men, formed a sze (B); and five sze, or 12,500 men, formed a keun (). Gan-kwo and Wang Suh both say that the

were 'leaders of tsuh,' which of course is literally correct; but they say also that the

were leaders of sze,' commanded 2,500 men each. K'ang-shing agrees with them in this, but makes the to have been 'leadÉ,' commanding 500 men

ers of leu' ( each. It seems absurd to insist on such explanations. The arrangements of Woo's army much more probably corresponded with the terms which he employed. 3. The names

Yung, Shuh, &c., enumerated here, are said

Pang remains in Pang-shan dis., dep. of Mei , Sze-ch'uen. All these tribes, we

may suppose, acknowledged the supremacy of the princes of Chow, and had been summoned to assist king Woo in his enterprise against

Show. Some critics, like Wang Loo-chae (E 魯齋:

; see his 'Doubts about the Shoo,' on

the Speech at Muh), say that they had come to his banner of their own accord, without being called ;-which is very unlikely.

[Gaubil says in a note on this par. (Le Chouking, p. 157), that Yung, Shuh, &c., were the and Yun-nan. To this M. de Guignes appends countries on the south-west,-e.g., in Sze-ch'uen a very bold and sweeping remark:-'I will add,' he says, 'that all the peoples in the text bear the name of, or barbarians. Thus, this conquest of China, made by king Woo, was a conquest effected by the foreigners on the west of China.' The remark is unwarranted. So far as we learn from the Shoo, these tribes were only an inferior and auxiliary force on the occasion.]

4. Attitude in which the troops were required to listen. 'to lift up;' apparently

generally to be those of 'eight kingdoms of 'to bear aloft in the right hand.'-±

the rude tribes on the west and south', 'to erect on the ground,' i.e., to rest
南夷八國名). The first and last are
found associated together in the

+, in an attack upon the great State of Ts'oo. It is said that 'the people of Yung.... led the hundred tribes of the Po to invade T's'oo;' and from this description of the Po by 'hundreds' it is supposed that they were under no general Head or chieftain, but consisted of many clans, each acknowledging its own chief. The site of the Yung was in the pres. dis. of Chuh-shan, dep. of Yun-yang C), Hoo-pih; that of the Po was in the same prov., dep. of King chow (H), dis. of Shih-show (石首)

The country of

Shuh was the pres. dep. of Shing-too

in Sze-ch'uen. West and north from this was

the country of Keang: while that of Maou and

the end on the ground, the points being shown spears or lances, differing in the forms of above. There were three weapons of the nature their points which would be difficult to describe in brief space, but principally distinguished by their lengths,the, the and the . Acc. to Wang Ts'ëaou, the handle of the ✰ was 6 ft. 6 in. long; that of the 16 ft.; and of the, 21 feet. Medhurst translates by javelin; but I have not seen it anywhere stated that the instrument was thrown from the or 'shield' was long and

hand. The 干 comparatively narrow, so as to cover most of

the body.

Ch. II. THE SPEECH. Pp. 5, 6. The crimes 5. the morning,' here =

of Show.

'crows in the morning to an

1

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答用,商

弟昏

虐為長多不棄

于大是迪厥厥惟

百夫信逋乃遺

E卿是逃惟

今以士使是四

昏棄厥肆祀弗

商王受惟婦言是

6 indicates the subversion of the family.' Now Show, the king of Shang, follows only the words of his wife. He has blindly thrown. away the sacrifices which he should present, and makes no response for the favours which he has received; he has blindly thrown away his paternal and maternal relatives, not treating them properly. They are only the vagabonds of the empire, loaded with crimes, whom he honours and exalts, whom he employs and trusts, making them great officers and nobles, so that they can tyrannize over the people, exercising their villainies in the city of Shang.

nounce the day.’索 is defined by Gan-kwǒ | better.

by

by

; and by Keang Shing, after K'ang-shing,

散 The two definitions are much akin.

Woo's language may seem rather undignified;

but it was, no doubt, suited to his audience,

And we must bear in mind the character and

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Woo Ching says that 王父母弟

王之諸父,諸母,諸弟,‘the royal

uncles, royal aunts, royal cousins.’ I think

we must join together, and agree with

Wang Ts'eaou that 王母弟=王

deeds of Tă-ke against whom it was directed. The general meaning is plain

enough,–that Show separated himself from all

his relatives, both by blood and by affinity, who would naturally have the interests of the impe

6. 昏(4昏)棄厥肆爬不 答,-comp. the last Book, Pt. i., 6 ; Pt. ii., 5. 肆、陳,‘to set forth;厥肆=其 所當陳之祭祀 ‘the sacrifices which he ought to offer. Kang-shing understood by | translation. Keang Shing takes 迪=進 肆礼 ‘the name of a sacrifice';–but incor

rectly. 答, ‘to answer," 'to make an acknow ledgment for favours received,' such being the

rial House at heart. 不迪迪一道, and 不迪=不以道遇之, as in the

or

登and不迪=不用, ‘does not em

ploy them. The meaning is not unsuitable,

but it is not so good as that which I have fol

common meaning of sacrifice with the Chinese ; lowed. 逋逃‘refugees. Woo Ching -Tung-po says,祭所以報也,故謂says: -四方多罪之人逃亡而 之答 Here also Kang-shing incorrectly|歸衬, ‘the great criminals of all quarters defines 答 by 問 ; and 不答不問, make their escape, and betake themselves to ‘without asking any questions, or thinking | Chow. 商邑,'the city of Shang,' about them.' 王父母弟Gan-kwǒ probably meaning the capital of Show. might translate 邑, however, in the plural. Keang Shing takes it as = 國,‘kingdom 'or

takes 王必as=祖 or 'grandfather,' sayor ‘grandfather,' say ing that if he thus treated his grand-uncles, we may be sure he did not treat his uncles any

'State.'

We

爾夫迓貔夫伐O步日子
躬子克如子七不乃之發
有 奔 年熊◎伐愆止事
尙乃于齊

戮,雨 爾以

所役 寵桓止四焉
于 桓齊伐夫

焉往

最土商 焉五子

郊虎最伐最

恭行天之罰今

弗如哉六哉七今

7 “Now I, Fă, am simply executing respectfully the punishment appointed by Heaven. In to-day's business do not advance more than six or seven steps; and then stop and adjust your ranks:-my 8 brave nen, be energetic! Do not exceed four blows, five blows, six blows, or seven blows; and then stop and adjust your ranks :9 my brave men, be energetic! Display a martial bearing. Be like tigers and panthers, like bears, and grisly bears;-here in the border of Shang. Do not rush on those who fly to us in submission, but receive them to serve our western land:-my brave men, be 10 energetic! If f you are not thus energetic, you will bring destruction on yourselves.’

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Pp. 7–10. Directions about the rules to

be observed in the impending battle.

7. The

first part of this par. had better be joined to

the one preceding. King Woo speaks in it of himself in contrast with Show;-of himself as engaged on behalf of Heaven to punish one who was an enemy to both Heaven and men. T's'ae

步即便止駐以整齊部伍

然後復從而伐之, ‘In advancing

to meet the enemy, take no more than six or

seven steps. Then stop and adjust your ranks,
and go forward again to smite them.'

and others, prefixing it to this and the succeed 夫子,一

ing parr., make a milder spirit breathe in them

-see the last Book, Pt. ii., p. 9.

than the reader will easily perceive. The stop- |18.伐擊刺 to strike and thrust.

ping at every seven steps and seven blows was, They are thus admonished, it is said, lest they they think, that as few of the enemy as possible should be hurried on in their rage by a desire might be killed. In this way the tyrant would

be overthrown and Heaven's justice would be

satisfied with the sacrifice of comparatively few

lives! The cautions were evidently given that

for slaughter.

9. 桓桓=威武貌

the appearance of martial prowess.' The

the order of battle might be preserved unbroken.quotes the passage with instead

愆=過,‘to exceed.'

趨‘to advance hurriedly.,

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'do not meet those who are able to-who really

, to adjust and put in order.' The para- do-run.' The meaning is as in the translation. phrase of the ‘Daily Explanation' is:一其| Këang Shing, however, edits 與 instead of 迂 進而迎敵不過于六步七 after Kang-shing. Ma Yung also read 御

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which he explains better than Kang-shing. | thue:一過勇則不免于濫殺

Wang Suh read, which is susceptible of 惟當于凶殘者取之打 ,抗拒 being taken either for 禦or迓The mean誅 之若有奔走來

ing is substantially the same, whether we adopt

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以役西十,the transla- 勿迎而 之勞

tion of this is after Kang-shing. Ma Yung and | 土

Wang Suh took the clause as 'do your best

to serve our western land.' Gan-kwǒ under- 勇

stood it differently:-'It is thus you will make

them submissively acknowledge the righteous

ness of our western land'

勉哉爾

殺降是戒可也,

土若于我之

殺柜者西武也有或而必可

10. 爾所所不勉或輕進或貪殺或 無勇而殺降是違號令,

不勗-s勗哉夫子 has been re

peated at the close of the several instructions 失律也則有常

or admonitions, we must suppose that the warn- 戮及爾身罔有攸赦矣

ing here belongs to each of them. The 'Daily

Explanation’paraphrases the 9th and 10th parr,不戒哉。

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THE BOOKS OF SHANG.

BOOK III. THE SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF THE WAR.

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商于步己翼死壬惟 可

○征自王日魄辰

厥伐周朝癸越旁月

武成

1 I. In the first month, the day jin-shin immediately followed the end of the moon's waning. The next day was kwei ke, when the

king in the morning marched from Chow to attack and punish Shang.

The

THE NAME OF THE BOOK.-
Successful Completion of the War.' The phrase

-t, meaning, literally, 'military affairs
completed,' occurs in the 3d paragraph, and has
thence been taken to denominate the Book. It
is not objectionable as a designation; though it
by no means covers the contents, they all grow
up around the accomplishment of Woo's enter-
prise. The Book is found only in the old Text.

(p. 6), he states how he had inherited the possessions and the duties of king Wăn, and how he declared to the spirits the crimes of Show; from (p. 6) to

(p. 8), he repeats his prayer to the spirits. From to the end, the historian again resumes his narrative, aud tells of the attack on Show, of his death, of Woo's entrance into the capital of Yin, and of his governmental

measures.

DIFFICULTIES IN THE ARRANGEMENT AND INTERPRETATION. These will fully appear in the course of the exposition; it may be sufficient here to describe them generally, and for that The prayer, however, which concludes with purpose I will use in the first place the words, is incomplete. According to of Ying-tă. He says:-This Book consists the analogy of other prayers, recorded in the mainly of narrative; the portion composed of the king's words is small. The language of the there ought to be, after those words, several parts is without the beginning and the end properly marked, and its composition altogether is different from that of the other Books.

From 惟一月(p. 1) down to受命于

(p. 4), the historian relates the march to the attack of Yin, and the return from the enterprise, with the assembling of the princes: -as introductory to the words of the king. From to both in p. 5), Woo narrates the rise of their House of Chow; from (p. 5) to Z !!!

some protestation by Woo of his own intentions.
And when all the princes and officers were re-
ceiving their investitures and commands from
the new emperor of the House of Chow, we
cannot suppose that he did not address them, in
a manner similar to Tang, in his Announce-
ment. With so many speeches to them before
related to them after its close his prayer to the
the conflict, we cannot believe that he simply
spirits. On these two grounds I must conclude
that a portion of the Book, immediately follow-
ing these words-
has been

lost.

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