full sail to Sofala, when the anomalous monsoon takes her off the coast of Melinda, and forces her into Tarshish, where she is imprisoned for six months in the Mocha there. So that this word is very emphatically applied to those places where ships are necessarily detained by the change of monsoons, and proves the truth of what I have said.

The last Cape on the Abyssinian shore, before you run into the Straits, is Cape Defan, called by the Portuguese, Cape Dafui. This word has no meaning in any language; the Abyssinians, on whose side it is, call it Cape Defan, the Cape of Burial. It was probably there where the east wind drove ashore the bodies of such as had been shipwrecked in the voyage. The point of the same coast, which stretches out into the Gulf, before you arrive at Babelmandeb, was, by the Romans, called Promontorium Aromatum, and, since, by the Portuguese, Cape Gardefui. But the name given it by the Abyssinians and sailors on the Gulf is Cape Gardefan, the Straits of Burial.

Still nearer the Straits is a small port in the kingdom of Adel, called Mete, i. e. Death, or, he or they are dead; and more to the westward, in the same kingdom, is Mount Felix, corruptly so called by the Portuguese. The Latins call it Elephas Mons, the Mountain of the Elephant; and the natives, Jibbel Feel, which has the same signification. The Portuguese, who did not know that Jibbel Feel was Elephas Mons, being misled by the sound, have called it Jibbel Felix, the Happy Mountain, a name to which it has no sort of title.

The Straits, by which we enter the Arabian Gulf, are by the Portuguese called Babelmandel*, which is

* In a few of the preceding sheets of this volume, the name is thus erroneously spelt. VOL. II. 2 A

E.

*

inaccurate. The name by which it goes among the natives is Babelmandeb, the Gate or Port of Affliction; and near it Ptolemy places a town he calls in the Greek, Mandaeth, which appears to me to be only a corruption of Mandeb. The Promontory that forms the south side of the Straits, and the city thereupon, is Dira, which, in Latin, means the Hades, or Hell, by Ptolemy † called Anpn. A cluster of islands you meet in the canal, after passing Mocha, is called Jibbel Zekir, or the Islands of Prayer for the remembrance of the dead. And still, in the same course up the Gulf, others are called Sebaat Gzier, Praise or Glory be to God, as we may suppose, for the return from this dangerous navigation.

All the coast to the eastward, to where Gardefan stretches out into the ocean, is the territory of Saba, from time immemorial the mart of frankincense, myrrh, and balsam. Behind Saba, on the Indian Ocean, is the Regio Cinnamonifera, where a considerable quantity of that wild cinnamon grows, which the Italian druggists call canella.

Inland near to Azab, as I have before observed, are large ruins, some of them of small stones and lime adhering strongly together. There is especially an aqueduct, which brought formerly a large quantity of water from a fountain in the mountains, which must have greatly contributed to the beauty, health, and pleasure of Saba. This is built with large massy blocks of marble, brought from the neighbouring mountains, placed upon one another without lime or cement, but joined with thick cramps, or bars of brass. There are likewise a number of wells, not six

Ptol. Geog. lib. iv. cap. 7.

+ Id. Ibid.

This word either means a neck in the language of Ptolemy, or is more probably the Arabic Dar, a place or habitation.

E.

feet wide, composed of pieces of marble hewn to parts of a circle, and joined with the same bars of brass also. This is exceedingly surprising; for Agatharcides* tells us, that the Alileans and Cassandrins, in the southern parts of Arabia (just opposite to Azab), had among them gold in such plenty, that they would give double the weight of gold for iron, triple its weight for brass, and ten times its weight for silver; that, in digging the earth, they found pieces of gold as big as olive-stones, but others much larger †.

But, up

This seems to me extraordinary, if brass was at such a price in Arabia, that it could be here employed in the meanest and most common uses. on analysing this, I found it copper without mixture, or virgin copper; of which great abundance was at first found in the island of Cyprus, and on this account was probably of less value. However this be, the inhabitants of the Continent, and of the peninsula of Arabia opposite to it, of all denominations, agree, that this was the royal seat of the Queen of Saba, famous in ecclesiastical history for her journey to Jerusalem; that these works belonged to her, and were erected at the place of her residence; that all the gold, silver, and perfumes, came from her kingdom of Sofala, which was Ophir, and which reached from thence to Azab, upon the borders of the Red Sea, along the coast of the Indian Ocean.

It will very possibly be thought, that this is the place in which I should mention the journey that the Queen of Saba made into Palestine; but as the dignity of the expedition itself, and the place it holds in Jewish antiquities, merits that it should be treated in a place by itself, so the connection that it is supposed to have with the foundation of the monarchy of Abys

sinia, the country whose history I am going to write, makes this particularly proper for the sake of connection; and I shall, therefore, continue the history of the trade of the Arabian Gulf to a period in which I can resume the narrative of this expedition without occasioning any interruption to either.

CHAP. V.

Fluctuating State of the India Trade-Hurt by the Military Expeditions of the Persians-Revives under the Ptolemies-Falls to decay under the Romans.

THE

HE prosperous days of the commerce with the Elanitic Gulf seemed to be at this time nearly past; yet, after the revolt of the ten tribes, Edom remaining to the house of David, they still carried on a sort of trade from the Elanitic Gulf, though attended with many difficulties. This continued till the reign of Jer hosaphat*; but, on Jehoram's succeeding that prince, the Edomites † revolted, and chose a king of their own, and were never after subject to the kings of Judah, till the reign of Uzziah †, who conquered Eloth, fortified it, and having peopled it with a colony of his own, revived the old traffic. This subsisted till the reign of Ahaz, when Rezin, king of Damascus, took Eloth |, and expelled the Jews, planting in their

1 Kings, chap. xxii. ver. 48. 2 Chron. chap. xx. ver. 36. + 2 Kings, chap. viii. ver. 22. 2 Chron. chap. xxi, ver. 10. 2 Kings, chap. xiv. ver. 22. 2 Chron. chap. xxvi. ver. 2, 2 Kings, chap. xvi. ver. 6.