presented to its votaries. But just notions of God, obedience to His moral laws, purity of heart, and sanctity of life, were not once mentioned as ingredients in religious service. No repentance of past crimes, and no future amendment of conduct, were ever prescribed by the Pagans, as proper means of appeasing their offended deities. Sacrifice a chosen victim, bow down before an hallowed image, be initiated in the sacred mysteries,― and the wrath of the gods shall be averted, and the thunder shall drop from their hands.

The gods and goddesses, to whom public worship was paid, exhibited to their adorers examples of egregious crimes, rather than of useful and illustrious virtues. It was permitted to consider Jupiter, the father of the gods, as an usurper, who expelled his father from the throne of the universe, and is, in his turn, to be one day driven from it by his son. The priests were little solicitous to animate the people to.virtuous conduct, either by precept or example. They plainly enough declared, that all which was essential to the true worship of the gods, was contained in the rites and institutions which the people had received by tradition from their ancestors. Hence the wiser part of mankind, about the time of Christ's birth, looked upon the whole system of religion as a just object of ridicule and contempt.

The consequence of this state of theology was an universal corruption of manners, which discovered itself in the impunity of the most flagitious crimes.

When the Romans had subdued the world, they lost their own liberty. Many vices, engendered or nourished by prosperity, delivered them over to the vilest of tyrants that ever afflicted or disgraced human nature. Despotic power was accompanied with all the odious vices which are usually found in its train, and they rapidly grew to an incredible pitch. The colors are not too strong which the apostle employs in drawing the character of age, in Rom. i. 21, 22, etc., and in Eph. iv. 17-19.

that

At the time of Christ's appearance on earth, the religion of the Romans, as well as their arms, had extended itself throughout a great part of the world. Besides the religious rites, which

Numa and others had instituted for political views, the Romans added several Italian and Etrurian fictions to the Grecian fables, and gave also to the Egyptian deities a place among their

own.

In the provinces subjected to the Roman government, there arose a new kind of religion, formed by a mixture of the ancient rites of the conquered nations with those of the Romans. Those nations, who, before their subjection, had their own gods, and their own particular religious institutions, were persuaded by degrees to admit into their worship a great variety of the sacred rites and customs of the conquerors.

When, from the sacred rites of the ancient Romans, we pass to review the other religions which prevailed in the world, it will appear obvious, that the most remarkable may be properly divided into two classes-one of which will comprehend the religious systems which owe their existence to political views; and the other, of those which seem to have been formed for military purposes. The religion of most of the eastern nations may be ranked in the former class, especially that of the Persians, Egyptians, and Indians, which appears to have been solely calculated for the preservation of the State, the support of the royal authority and grandeur, the maintenance of public peace, and the advancement of civil virtues. The religious system of the northern nations may be comprehended under the military class; since all the traditions among the Germans, the Bretons, the Celts, and the Goths, concerning their divinities, have a manifest tendency to excite and nourish fortitude, ferocity, an insensibility of danger, and contempt of life.

At this time Christianity broke forth from the cast like a rising sun, and dispelled the universal religious darkness which obscured every part of the globe. "The noblest people," says Dr. Robertson, "that ever entered upon the stage of the world, appear to have been only instruments in the Divine Hand, for the execution of wise purposes concealed from themselves. The Roman ambition and bravery paved the way, and prepared the world, for the reception of the Christian doctrine. They fought and conquered, that it might triumph with the greater case (see

Isaiah x. 7). By means of their victories, the overruling providence of God established an empire, which really possesses that perpetuity and eternal duration which they vainly arrogated to their own. He erected a throne which shall continue forever, and of the "increase of that government there shall be no end." It has been mentioned to the honor of Christianity, that it rose and flourished in a learned, inquiring, and discerning age; and made the most rapid and amazing progress through the immense empire of Rome, to its remotest limits, when the world was in its most civilized state, and in an age that was universalty distinguished for science and erudition.

SECTION II.

STATE OF THE JEWISH NATION AT THE BIRTH OF JESUS CHRIST

THE state of the Jews was not much better than that of other nations, at the time of Christ's appearance on earth. They were governed by Herod, who was himself tributary to the Roman people. His government was of the most vexatious and oppres sive kind. By a cruel, suspicious, and overbearing temper, he drew upon himself the aversion of all, not excepting those who lived upon his bounty.

Under his administration, and through his influence, the luxury of the Romans was introduced into Palestine, accompanied with the vices of that licentious people. In a word, Judea, governed by Herod, groaned under all the corruption which might be expected from the authority and example of a prince who, though a Jew in outward profession, was, in point of Lorals and practice, a contemner of all laws, human and divine.

After the death of this tyrant, the Romans divided the government of Judea between his sons. In this division, onehalf the kingdom was given to Archelaus, under the title of Exarch. Archelaus was so corrupt and wicked a prince, that at last both Jews and Samaritans joined in a petition against hira

to Augustus, who banished him from his dominicas, about ten years after the death of Herod the Great. Judea was by this sentence reduced to a Roman province, and ordered to be taxed.

The governors whom the Romans appointed over Judea, were frequently changed, but seldom for the better. About the sixteenth year of Christ, Pontius Pilate was appointed governor, the whole of whose administration, according to Josephus, was one continual scene of venality, rapine, and of every kind of savage cruelty. Such a governor was ill calculated to appease the ferments occasioned by the late tax. Indeed, Pilate was so far from attempting to appease, that he greatly inflamed them, by taking every occasion of introducing his standards, with images, pictures, and consecrated shields, into their city; and at last by attempting to drain the treasury of the temple, under pretence of bringing an aqueduct into Jerusalem. The most remarkable transaction of his government, however, was his condemnation of Jesus Christ; seven years after which he was removed from Judea.

However severe was the authority which the Romans exercised over the Jews, yet it did not extend to the entire suppression of their civil and religious privileges. The Jews were, in some measure, governed by their own laws, and permitted the enjoy ment of their religion. The administration of religious ceremonies was committed, as before, to the high priest, and to the Sanhedrim; to the former of whom the order of priests and Levites was in the usual subordination; and the form of outward worship, except in a very few points, had suffered no visible change. But, on the other hand, it is impossible to express the disquietude and disgust, the calamities and vexations, which this unhappy nation suffered from the presence of the Romans, who their religion obliged them to regard as a polluted and idolatrous people; in a particular manner, from the avarice and cruelty of the prætors, and the frauds and extortions of the publicans. So that, all things considered, their condition, who lived under the government of the other sons of Herod, was much more supportable than the state of those who were immediately subject to the Roman jurisdiction.

It was not, however, from the Romans only, that the calamitie of this miserable people proceeded. Their own rulers multiplied their vexations, and debarred them from enjoying any little comforts, which were left them by the Roman magistrates. The leaders of the people, and the chief priests, were, according to the account of Josephus, profligate wretches, who had purchased their places by bribes, or by other acts of iniquity, and who maintained their ill-acquired authority by the most abominable crimes. The inferior priests, and those who possessed any shadow of authority, were become dissolute and abandoned to the highest degree. The multitude, excited by these corrupt. examples, ran headlong into every kind of iniquity; and by their endless seditions, robberies, and extortions, armed against themselves both the justice of God and vengeance of man.

About the time of Christ's appearance, the Jews of that age concluded the period pre-determined by God to be then completed, and that the promised Messiah would suddenly appear. Devout persons waited day and night for the consolation of Israel; and the whole nation, groaning under the Roman yoke, and stimulated by the desire of liberty or of vengeance, expected their deliverer with the most anxious impatience.

Nor were these expectations peculiar to the Jews. By their dispersion among so many nations; by their conversation with the learned men among the heathens; and by the translations of their inspired writings into a language almost universal, the principles of their religion were spread all over the East. It became the common belief, that a Prince would arise at that time in Judea, who would change the face of the world, and extend his pire from one end of the earth to the other.

Two religions flourished at this time in Palestine; the Jewish and Samaritan. The Samaritans blended the errors of Paganism with the doctrines of the Jews. The whole body of the people looked for a powerful and warlike deliverer, who, they supposed, would free them from the Roman authority. All considered the whole of religion as consisting in the rites appointed by Moses, and in the performance of some external acts of duty. All were