the knave of clubs uppermost; which not only startled the lord deputy and the council, but the doctor, who assured them he had a commission, but knew not how it was gone. Then the lord. deputy made answer, 'Let us have another commission, and we will shuffle the cards in the meanwhile.' The doctor, being troubled in his mind, went away, and returned into England, and coming to the court obtained another commission; but staying for a wind at the water-side, news came to him that the queen was dead. Thus," adds Ware, "God preserved the Protestants in Ireland from the persecution intended." As authorities for this extraordinary narrative, the writer of it mentions the Earl of Cork's "Memorials," Sir James Ware, and the two Primates Usher. He adds, that when Lord Fitz-Walter went to England after Elizabeth's accession, the deputy related the circumstances to her majesty, which so delighted the queen that she "sent for the good woman named Elizabeth Edmonds, by her husband Mattershed, and gave her a pension of forty pounds per annum durante vitâ, for saving her Protestant subjects of Ireland."

The new queen, Elizabeth, was proclaimed in Christ Church, Dublin, before the end of November, with the usual ceremonies. On the 27th of August following, Thomas, Earl of Sussex, landed at Dalkey, which seems to have been then a port of more importance than at present. He lay that night at Sir John Travers's house at Monktown. On the morrow, being Sunday, he came to Dublin, and was met by the mayor and aldermen on

Stephen's green, when he, the lord deputy, took the mayor by the hand, asked the aldermen how they did, and said, "You be all happy, my masters, in a gracious queen." That night he lay at one Mr: Peter Forth's house, because the house at Kilmainham, the usual residence of the deputy, once belonging to the Knights Templars, had been damaged by a great tempest the year before, and was not yet repaired. The next morning he rode to St. Patrick's, and then to St. Sepulchre's, where he kept his court. On the 30th he attended worship in Christ Church, where Sir Nicholas Darly sang the litany in English, after which the lord deputy took his oath of office. These ceremonies being ended, his lordship rode back to St. Sepulchre's, inviting the mayor and aldermen to dine with him. Soon after, the use of the mass-service was forbidden by proclamation. Orders came to the dean of Christ Church to remove from the cathedral all popish relics and images, and to paint and whiten it anew, putting sentences of Scripture upon the walls instead of pictures. This work was begun May 23d, 1559. In the same year the Archbishop of York sent over two large Bibles in English, one for each of the cathedrals, Christ Church and St. Patrick's. They were put up in the choir, and crowds of people flocked to see and read for themselves the sacred Scriptures of truth. So great was the demand thus created for Bibles, that John Dale, a Dublin bookseller, imported and sold for the London publishers not fewer

than seven thousand copies in the two years ending with 1566.

The lord deputy having visited England to consult the court how he should manage respecting the affairs of the Church, returned in 1560, with instructions to call an assembly of the clergy, and to proceed with the establishment of the Protestant religion in Ireland. The convocation met. Some of the ecclesiastics were much angered, and one of them, William Walsh, bishop of Meath, having preached against the prayer-book, was, by the queen's commands, deposed and put in prison. By an act of parliament, the ecclesiastical jurisdiction was restored to the crown, and a new oath of supremacy appointed the use of the common prayer was enforced, and all subjects were obliged to attend the service of the Church. English not being then the spoken language of the country, except in Dublin and a few other principal towns, it was ordered that where the people did not understand English, the service should be performed in Latin! The reason of this arrangement is not explained: possibly it may have been from a wish to meet the prejudices of Romanists, or from a fear of countenancing the Irish language, of which the English authorities seem generally to have had an instinctive dread.

Long before Elizabeth's time, great improvements had taken place in the house-building and general plan of Dublin. The structures of wattles plastered with clay had generally given

place to those of "cage-work”—a framework of timber having the compartments filled up with brick or with wattles plastered, such as are yet to be seen in Chester and some other old English towns. Shingles, tiles, and slates, were taking the place of sedge and straw for roofing; although there were some thatched roofs in the city in the time of Charles I. One of the "cage" houses remained in Cooke street till about the middle of the last century: it was taken down on the 27thof July, 1745. "On an oak beam," says Whitelaw, "carried over the door the whole length of the said house, was the following inscription cut in large capitals and a fair Roman character, nothing damaged by time in the space of one hundred and sixty-five years, except in one part where an upright piece of timber, being morticed into it, had received the drip, and was somewhat rotted-QUI FECISTI CŒLUM ET TERRAM BENEDIC DOMUM ISTAM, QUAM JOHANNES LUTREL ET JOHANA—NEI CONSTRUI FECERUNT, A. d. 1580, ET ANNO REGNI REGINÆ ELIZABETHÆ 22. 'Thou who madest the heavens and the earth bless this house, which John Lutrel and Joan-caused to be built in th year of our Lord 1580, and in the twenty-second gear of the reign of Queen Elizabeth."" Many other houses of the same sort were to be seen in the city and suburbs when this author wrote, namely, in 1766; but the one he considered to be the oldest and most remarkable was in Skinner's row, near the Tholsel: it had been called "the Cairbre," and was described as

having been the residence of the lord-deputy Kildare, in 1532.

The "Tholsel," from toll-stall, or place where tolls were paid, above named as existing in 1766, was the successor of a previous one in Elizabeth's time, which also stood where now Nicholas street joins Christ Church Place, lately Skinner Row: it occupied the angle formed by the junction of the two, having its front towards the cathedral. "Newgate," the common jail, was a building of a square form, having a tower at each corner: it was one of the city gates, and stood in what was then called Newgate street, now Corn market, between New Row and High street. The Dublin "Bridewell" of Elizabeth's day was about halfway on the road from the city to where the college was built. The "Hospital" was on the

river-side, near where Fleet street now is. The "Inns" of that time were followed in their site first by an "Infirmary," and then by the present "Four Courts."

The "Castle" was to have been built as a "palace" in addition to a fortress, but means had not been forthcoming for the purpose, and the representatives of the sovereign held their court at Thomas Court, or at St. Sepulchre's, the residence of the archbishop, or in the house of the Knights Templars at Kilmainham. Elizabeth, in the third year of her reign, 1560, commanded the lord lieutenant and council "to repair and enlarge the castle of Dublin, for the reception of the chief governors." The particulars of what was