that the five propositions were really extracted from the book of Jansenius, and that they are condemned in the sense that the author gave them. At the same time he prescribed the signature of a precise formulary which left no loop-hole for subterfuge. The obstinate Jansenists refused to sign it; they continued to take refuge in the respectful silence. The power of the king of France, Louis XIV., was foiled before this obstinacy. "We are ready," the Jansenists persistently said, "to "condemn the five propositions in themselves, but "without avowing that they are really in Jansenius." Louis XIV. made a new appeal to the Holy See, in order to appease these quarrels, which were agitating consciences and sowing division everywhere. Alexander prescribed the signing of a new formulary, still more precise than the preceding one, and Louis XIV. published (1665), an edict, giving the aid of the law to the prescriptions of the Sovereign Pontiff, and enjoining the signing of the formulary under pain of grave punishment. In spite of this law, which left no room for subterfuge, since it was addressed to men who called themselves obedient servants of the king, and faithful Catholics, the four bishops of Alet, Beauvais, Pamiers, and Angers, who had accepted the doctrines of Port-Royal, refused their signatures; in the pastoral letters addressed to their diocesans, they protested, and declared that, with regard to Jansenius they only owed to the Church, a deferential obedience, consisting in observing a respectful silence. The resistance of these four bishops authorised the refractory ecclesiastics and laity.

France was threatened with schism. The four stubborn bishops drew fifteen others to follow their example. All maintained in their pastorals that regarding the questions of fact, the Church could only exact a respectful silence. Clement IX., to arrest the

work resembled the first, which had already been approved of by another bishop. The intervention of Pope Clement XI., was necessary to put an end to the divisions and disputes. The Moral Reflections were examined; a hundred and one propositions extracted from this book were solemnly condemned in the bull Unigenitus (8th September, 1713).

The Jansenists did not deceive themselves as to the blow which the bull Unigenitus gave to their sect. The parliament wished to oppose the registration of the bull, but Louis XIV. enforced it. The greater part of the bishops immediately published this apostolical constitution in their dioceses, but some refused to subscribe to it, and Cardinal de Noailles was of the number. This prelate could not summon up sufficient resolution to sign the condemnation of a book which he had approved, although without having examined it. Thence arose new divisions; there were the partisans of the bull, and there were those who were designated under the name of Appellants, because they appealed from the bull Unigenitus, to a Pope better informed, or to a future council. The death of Louis XIV. came to reanimate the hopes of the Jansenist party; the weakness of the Regent, the Duke of Orleans, augmented the evil, and Clement XI. found his authority ignored, even by some ecclesiastics and bishops who detested the Jansenist errors. His firmness, nevertheless, at length brought back the greater part of the refractory, and a decree of the regent (in 1718), ordained that in all France, the bull Unigenitus was to be faithfully received and executed, forbidding all appeal to a future council, and annulling such as had been made previously. The Cardinal de Noailles acted very wrongly in still resisting, with four bishops, who contented themselves with observing a respectful silence. Clement XI., as patient and merciful as he was firm, did not