Strabo mentions an embassy sent from the Celts of the Adriatic to the camp of Alexander during his expedition into Thrace. As the Celts had about this time settlements on the Danube, it is perhaps more probable that it was from this quarter that ambassadors were sent, namely, from the country of the Scordisci.

It does not appear that the Scordisci were old inhabitants of the borders of the Lower Danube: they had overspread the countries possessed of old by the Triballi and other Thracian tribes. It is probable that they arrived in this country shortly before the time of Alexander. They may with the greatest probability be derived from the nearest bands of the Celtic race, from those who had advanced furthest towards the east. These were the Taurisci of the Alps and the Boii and Tectosages of the Hercynian Forest.

On a general survey of the tribes spread through southern Germany, and in Pannonia and the Alpine countries, it appears that Celtic races, of whom the Boii and Tectosages are the most remarkable, were the earliest known inhabitants of the tracts comprehended in the Orcynia of the Gauls and the Hercynian Forest of Roman writers. The Boii are not to be traced from Gaul, and not further westward than the confines of the Helvetii: they were probably the primitive inhabitants of the countries on the Danube, and reached as far northward as Bohemia. It is probable that the Gythones, a small tribe who remained in the north-east of Germany in the time of Tacitus and spoke the language of the Gauls, were a remnant of the expelled Boii. The Tectosages appear to have been nearly allied to the Boii, since we find them joined in many parts. The other nations enumerated are evidently Celtic, as the Scordisci, Taurisci, Vindelici, Rhæti, but nothing indicates that they were ever inhabitants of Gaul.

SECTION VII. Of the Colony of Gauls in Asia Minor.

Of all the foreign conquests or settlements of the Gauls none is more celebrated than that in Asia Minor, where this

people were known, as indeed were the Gauls in general, among the Greeks, by the name of Galatæ.

It is important to determine from what tribes of European Gauls originated the Galatæ, or Gauls of Asia Minor. We have seen that of all the Gallic tribes, the Boii were the most powerful in Germany and the most widely spread. From no other tribe should we, upon conjecture, derive the Gallic confederacy in Asia with so much probability as from them. Tolisthoboii was in fact the name of one of the three divisions of people in Asia, into which the Galata were divided. In Greek their name is written Tolisthobogii, as that of the Boii is written Bogii.*

Together with Boii there were in parts of Germany other tribes, as the Volca Tectosages, spread through the Hercynian Forest. These Volca Tectosages came, as we have seen, from Celtica Narbonensis, and from the most remote part of it, near to the Pyrenees, or at least to the southwestward of Mount Cemmenus. Thus we find the Tectosages to have been a wandering warlike people, who had planted their name in two very distant countries, and there is so much the less reason for doubt when we find them in a third region. The Tectosages were in fact the leading and most celebrated tribe among the Galata of Asia. A third name not so easily traced is that of the Trocmi, of the origin of whom Strabo knew nothing, though he was satisfied of the derivation of the Tectosages from the Volcæ of Southern Gaul.

Strabo considered it as a thing ascertained that the Tectosages of Galatia in Asia Minor, were a branch of the Volca Tectosages of Narbonensis. He says that the disappearance of the two other names from Gaul, namely, those of Tolisthoboii and Trocmi, was not to be wondered at, since among tribes of

*It is very probable that the Tolisthoboii were a tribe of Boii, and that the prefix to their name is taken from some epithet, or perhaps from a place where they settled. In fact Ptolemy mentions a place termed Tóλaora xúpa in their country. Lib. v. c. 6. This is observed by M. Zeuss, who remarks that another Celtic name was preserved in Macedonia. Livy observes that the third region of Macedonia contained the famous town of Edessa, &c., "et Vettiorum bellicosam gentem, incolas quoque permultos Gallos et Illyricos." Vettii appears to be a Celtic clan-name, since Solovettius is a personal name. Liv. lib. xlv. c. 30.

roaming habits, many become either extinct, or intermixed and lost. From the fact that the tribe of Tectosages still remained in the country of the Volcæ, he infers that the Tolisthoboii and Trocmi originated from the same part of Gaul. If the Tectosages of Galatia were really from the Volca Tectosages, they must have had some intermediate halting-place; and this is discovered to have been the fact, since, according to Cæsar, the Gauls of the Hercynian Forest were Volcæ Tectosages. In the same quarter, as we have observed, other writers place the Boii. Tolisthoboii may have been a particular tribe of Boii.

Livy has given the most detailed and particular account of the settlement of the Galatians in Asia, and of the depredatory attempts of the same people, which preceded their passage of the Hellespont. After mentioning the Tolisthoboii, into whose territories the Romans were led by the Consul Cn. Manlius, he adds, "These Gauls, a vast multitude, had made their way, induced either by the want of lands or by the hope of spoil, to the country of the Dardani under a leader named Brennus." Livy has given no intimation in this passage from what quarter he supposes the Gauls to have first emigrated, but in a speech which he puts into the mouth of Cn. Manlius, the Roman Consul, they are said to have been exiles who left their country for want of room, and sailing along the coasts of Illyricum into Pœonia, and thence into Thrace,gained possession of it by arms.* It is utterly inconceivable that such a multitude of barbarians as the Gauls are represented to have been, could find room in ships; and this must have been a mere conjecture of Livy, who was probably ignorant that there were extensive settlements of the Gauls upon the Danube. Pausanias, who has given a narrative of their invasion, says that the first adventurers who had proceeded to Thrace under their leader Cambaules, returned to their country, in order to

* The names of the chieftains of the Galatians are given differently by the writers who mention them. All however mention Brennus. Pausanias names the chiefs of particular bodies Cambaules (Cunobelin or Conmail ?), Cerethorius (Caradyr ?), Arichorus and Bolgius. Polybius terms the chief leader Brennus, as does Livy : instead of the Lomnorius of Livy he has Comontorius, and he names the last king of the Gauls who remained in Thrace, Cavarus.

collect a greater multitude. They cannot, therefore, have been at so great a distance from it as Livy supposed. According to that historian, the Gauls separated into two great bodies: the fate of Brennus and his followers, who invaded Greece, is well known; the other division, under Lomnorius and Lutarius, after many adventures, passed the Hellespont into Asia, and seated themselves finally in Phrygia, in the neighbourhood of the river Halys, after dividing Asia Minor by lot into three parts, and rendering each part tributary to one of their three clans. These clans were the Tolistoboii, Trocmi, and Tectosagi.* Strabo gives them nearly the same denominations. They retained their power till the war between Antiochus and the Romans. It may be observed that Polybius and Pausanias term these Gauls, KEλTOL or Celts; other writers call them Galatæ, Galli, and Gallo-Græci. Not one ancient historian or geographer has expressed a doubt that they were true Celtic Gauls; and certainly nothing can be more improbable than the supposition that a Belgic tribe had acquired in early times a settlement in the most remote region of Celtica, where, although they were well known to the Massilians and to the Romans who built the city of Narbo on the lands of the Volca, they were never suspected to be other than genuine Celts.

* M. Thierry has maintained that the Volca were Belgæ, and not Celts. The only proofs he brings forward are the following. In some copies of Cicero's Oration pro M. Fonteio, Belgarum is read instead of Volcarum. But this reading was totally rejected by Grævius, and probably arose from the blunder of some ignorant copyist who had never heard of such a people as the Volcæ, and supposed that the author must have alluded to the Belga. Ausonius terms the Tectosagi "primævo nomine Bolgas." But Ausonius being himself a Gaul would not have made a mistake in the name of a Gaulish people, and would have termed them Belgas, had he intended to identify them with the Belgæ so well known. Pausanias mentions that one of the tribes of Galatæ had a chieftain named Bolgius. The principal prop of M. Thierry's argument is St. Jerom's assertion, which we shall hereafter cite and comment upon, that the Galatians spoke nearly the same language as the Treviri, who were a Belgic tribe. This would be a good argument if it could be proved in the first place that the language of the Celta was not nearly the same as that of the Belgæ. I shall endeavour to show that the contrary was the fact, and that the difference between these dialects was very slight. On the whole we have no reason to doubt, what all the ancients uniformly testify, that the Volca were a tribe of the Celtæ properly so termed.

VOL. III.

H

SECTION VIII.—Of the Cimbri.

The Cimbri were the ancient inhabitants of Denmark, from them called the Cimbric Chersonesus. They first became known to the rest of the world on the occasion of their celebrated invasion of Southern Germany, Gaul, and Italy, in the time of Caius Marius. This was the first on record of those great migrations from the northern parts of Europe, by which the southern and more cultivated regions were laid waste, for the conquest of Italy by the Gauls cannot, though in cther respects a similar event, be so termed, since that people originated or at least came into Italy from a different quarter. These movements continued to be repeated from time to time until the northern parts of the continent were finally subdued and civilized by Charlemagne and his successors, after which period we hear only of the maritime aggressions of the Northmen, whose piracies in like manner had their termination only when Scandinavia was christianized, and its inhabitants exchanged the habits of wandering freebooters for the industry of agriculture and commerce. The invasion of the Cimbri, like many later enterprises of the same description, was not the solitary expedition of a particular horde: it seems to have been a simultaneous movement among many different nations near the shores of the Baltic. The Teutones, who, next to the Cimbri, had been the most powerful and conspicuous among these tribes, came from the northern part of Germany bordering on the Elbe. A third body appears to have been formed by a people termed Ambrones, of whom, if they were a distinct tribe, we know nothing but their name. It was reported that all these nations were driven out of their country by a deluge which overwhelmed it, but this opinion was rejected by Strabo, on the ground of its supposed physical impossibility, and the want of room for the support of a vast multitude is assigned as the most probable incentive. Cæsar informs us that the Cimbri and Teutones were repulsed by the Belgæ in Gaul, in their attempt to pass the Rhine into the country inhabited by that people; they were likewise resisted by the Boii in the Hercynian Forest, but succeeded in making