mentions these as possessing the western extremity of the world :

τὸν ἀπὸ ζεφύρου Κελτοὶ δὲ μέχρι δυσμῶν τόπον

θερινῶν ἔχουσιν.

He describes them as exercising hospitality to strangers and celebrating their meetings with music, which they cultivated diligently on account of its humanizing influence on

manners.

ζηλῶντες αὐτὴν ἡμερώσεως χάριν.*

According to Posidonius and other ancient writers,† the southern districts of Gaul, near the place where Narbo was afterwards built, was the native country of the people who first received the designation of Celti, and the same name was afterwards given by extension to the tribes who dwelt beyond them towards the interior of Gaul. After the voyage of Pytheas, the Greeks had more extensive knowledge of the coast of Gaul and of the British islands, but at this time they had never heard of the Rhine, or of any great river in the west, except the Danube. The Celti of Herodotus were the inhabitants of the western region of Europe, where the name of the Pyrenees was already known, though so indefinitely that it was supposed to belong to a city‡. The Greeks understood the Danube to flow from the west, and they therefore con

* Scymnus Chius apud Hudson.

+ Strabon, Geog. lib. iv. We have seen above that Diodorus adopted exactly the same opinion. His primitive Celtica was the country above Marseilles and the regions lying beyond the Alps and near the Pyrenees.

There may have been such city, and some verses of Avienus appear, as M. Zeuss has observed, to identify it with Illiberri, an ancient Iberian town, of which there were remains near the Roman colony of Ruscino, in the country of the Sardones, who inhabited the sea-coast at the feet of the eastern Pyrenees. Mela says, "Colonia Ruscino, vicus Illiberri, magnæ quondam urbis et magnarum opum tenue vestigium." De S. O. 2. Pliny, " in ora regio Sardonum : oppida Illiberis magnæ quondam urbis tenue vestigium," etc. 3. 4. (Strabo terms it Ilybyris.) These verses of Avienus plainly connect the remains of Illiberri with the Pyrene of Herodotus.

"In Scordiceni cespitis confinio
Quondam Pyrene civitas dives arvis

Stetisse fertur; hicque Massiliæ incolæ
Negotiorum sæpe versabant fines."

Avien. Or. Marit. v. 558. See Zeuss, die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme, 161.

66

ceived that it arose in the country of the Celti, where likewise was Pyrene. "The river Ister," says the father of history, beginning from the Celti and the city Pyrene, divides MidEurope, (the Celti being beyond the Pillars of Hercules and bordering upon the Cynesians, who live the last of all in Europe towards the west,) and having measured all Europe, as far as the Istrians, a colony of the Milesians, flowing into the sea of the Euxine Pontus, there terminates." In another place he says, "The Ister measures all Europe, taking its beginning from the country of the Celti, who are the last of all in Europe, next to the Cynetæ, towards the setting of the sun; and having measured all Europe, it enters the sides of Scythia."*

Aristotle+ had nearly the same geographical notions and errors as Herodotus, in relation to this subject. He says, "Out of Pyrene, which is a mountain of Celtica, looking towards the south-west, flow the Ister and the Tartessus." These writers appear to have had a correct idea of the situation of the Pyrenees and of the Celta to the northward of them, but they erred in supposing the source of the Danube to be much more to the southward than it really is. Aristotle, in a different work, speaks of Scythia and Celtica as cold countries where asses cannot exist. "Neither," he repeats," among the Celti who dwell above Spain are animals of that kind found." He says that "from Italy they make a way to extend as far as Celtica and the Celto-Ligurians. They call it Heraclea.§ This is an allusion to the old fiction of the journey of Hercules into Italy. These Celto-Ligurians, by the most ancient Greeks called Ligyes, were, as Ritson observes, the inhabitants of that part of Transalpine Gaul, which, in the time of Strabo, belonged to the Massillians. Diodorus likewise, who often gives the opinions of times long antecedent to his own, says that those who hold the interior parts above the Massillians and the inhabitants of the country

* It is unknown who were the Cynetæ ; some conjecture that they were the Ibe

rians, of whom the Conisci were a tribe inhabiting the south of Spain.

+ Aristot. Meteor, lib. i. c. 13. Ritson's Memoirs of the Celts, p. 7. De Generat. Animal. lib. viii. c. 28.

§ Aristot. de Mirabilibus.

about the Alps and on the hither side of the Pyrenean mountains, are the people named Celts."*

It appears from these passages that the original Celtica of the Greeks was the southern tract of Gaul, reaching from the Pyrenees and the Bay of Biscay to the Alps, and that the region so termed had afterwards an indefinite extension towards the north.

The Romans were well acquainted with the Cisalpine Gauls in the course of the long wars which commenced with the attack upon Rome and terminated in the subjugation of Italian Gaul. They were aware of the identity of these Gauls with the Celti of the Massilians. The Greek writers call both by the name of Κελτοί. Polybius says that the Celti inhabit the neighbourhood of Narbo and thence to the Pyrenees, and in another passage that the Carthaginians had subdued all the coast of Iberia or of Spain unto those rocks by which terminate at the sea the Pyrenean mountains: these mountains separating the Iberians from the Celts. This refers to the Mediterranean coast and the extremity of the Pyrenean chain adjoining it. We know that on the northern part of this chain the Iberi reached into Gaul, or rather into Aquitaine.

The principal nations of Gauls known at that time and in the immediately following periods to the Greeks and Romans, were the tribes of Volca in the country between Spain and the Rhone, and the Salyes or Salluvians, in the region between the Rhone and Italy. To these nations the name of Celtæ or rather Celti-Keλroì—and Galli appears to have been first given.

Cæsar, in dividing the remaining inhabitants of Gaul, as yet unconquered by the Romans, into three nations, and appropriating to one of them the name of Galli, identifies this particular nation with the previously known Gauls or Celti, in the Cisalpine and the Province. When he said that the Romans termed them Galli and they themselves Celtæ, his statement would probably have been more correct, had he re

* Diodor. Bibl. v. c. 32. Ritson's Memoirs of the Celts.
+ Polyb. lib. iii.

ported that by the Greeks they were termed Celti and by the Romans Galli. It does not appear clear that the Gauls ever recognised the name of Celtæ as a national appellation. It probably grew into general use among the Greeks from some particular tribe at first so termed.*

It will be important to my purpose to take notice in this place of Cæsar's division of Gaul. As the principal resource for investigating the relations of the Belgae and Celta, and their colonies and languages, must depend upon what can be made out respecting the history of particular tribes, it will be requisite to examine the geographical division of Gaul laid down by Cæsar, and to compare it with those of Strabo and other writers. If it can be determined in some instances that particular tribes belonged to the Celtic, and in others to the Belgic division, we shall be enabled on this ground to pursue some further inquiries as to the history of these races.

SECTION III.-Subdivisions of Gaul according to the Races of its Inhabitants. Tribes in Aquitania, Narbonensis, Celtica or Lugdunensis.

In the introduction to Cæsar's account of his Gallic war the boundaries of the three great divisions of Gaul are laid down in the clearest manner. The division is founded not on any political partition of the country, but merely on the different races of people whose limits are marked out. "The Gallic or Celtic Gauls are separated from the Aquitani by the river Garonne, from the Belgæ by the Marne and the Seine." "That part of the whole country which has been said to be inhabited by the Galli, takes its beginning, as Cæsar says, from the Rhone, and reaches thence towards the north :" that is, on the side towards Italy it was bounded by the Rhone, so that a traveller from Italy would enter it after passing that

This may be collected from Strabo. I do not think it worth while to discuss here the conjectures of Welsh etymologists.

+ The Roman province itself is excluded from this tripartition, though occupied, as we have seen, as well as the Cisalpine, by subdued Celti.

*

river. "It is surrounded by the river Garonne, the ocean, and the boundaries of the Belgæ, but reaches to the Rhine, on the side of the Sequani and Helvetii." It seems then that the Rhone, from its source to its great bending towards the south, was the south-eastern limit of Celtica; on the southern side of that river was a part of the Roman province.

We learn from this account that Celtic Gaul, in the time of Cæsar, comprised all the interior of France, bounded towards the sea by the Bay of Biscay, the Atlantic, and the British Channel; the Celtic coast extending from the mouth of the Garonne to the mouth of the Seine. Its northern and eastern boundary was formed by the Sequana or Seine, from the mouth of that river as far as its junction with the Marne, distant a few leagues from Paris: thence it turned eastward and continued along the Marne to the source of that stream in the Vosges mountains. From the Vosges the north-eastern boundary of Celtica appears to have taken nearly a direct transit to the Rhine, since on the side of the Sequani and Helvetii, including Franche Compté and parts of Upper Alsace and Switzerland, we are expressly told by Cæsar that the country of the proper Galli had for its frontier the Rhine, of which it occupied the left bank. The Belgæ, according to Cæsar's division of Gaul, reached southward not farther than the Seine and Marne, touching upon the Rhine a little to the southward of Strasburg. The territories of the Sequani and the Helvetii were therefore comprehended in Gallic Celtica.

Cæsar is so clear and consistent with himself in his account of the divisions of Gaul, that he seems to leave no room for doubt as to the different tribes which belonged to each nation; and the controversies which have been agitated on that subject would never have arisen if his successors had been equally accurate. The opportunity for mistake has arisen from the

Germania, cap. 28. Tacitus expressly affirms that the Helvetii were a Gallic nation. With respect to the Sequani it may be collected that they were Celtic people, from all that we learn of their history and political relations, from their situation, and from the fact that they are never once mentioned among the Belgæ, or in any connexion with them; lastly, from the express declaration of Cæsar, that, on the side of the Sequani and Helvetii, Celtica Proper reaches to the Rhine.