and which bore much resemblance to those which had been in ufe among the ancient Bohemian and Moravian churches. They lived accordingly together as brethren, without quarrelling about particular fentiments, according to the words of Jefus: One is your Father, and ye are all brethren; and when, after fome time, the number of those who came to them from other Proteftant churches was become greater than the number of the Moravian Brethren, they took the name of Evangelical Brethren, or, the Brethren's Unity of the Augsburg Confeffion +.

;

• The extenfion of the Brethren in fo many different countries; the approbation they met with among fo many forts of perfons; the manifeft fuccefs of their labour among the Heathen their fpirit of loyalty and industry, acknowledged by every government under which they lived; the good order and decency that prevailed among them, to the reproach of many of their neighbours; their fimplicity in expreffing the gospel truths, fo edifying to many; their heart-felt public worship, fo grateful to God; their harmonious way of finging; their cheerful accommodating behaviour under difficulties, notwithstanding their many years filence with regard to the moft fcandalous accufations poured out upon them; the mediocrity of their outward circumstances, while fubfifting in the midst of all the oppofition they met with; their fimple, innocent, unaffected manner of converfation, and the love and unity in which they lived-all these things had quite other effect, with many, than might naturally have been expected. Enemies of the Brethren arose, who looked upon them as a people not fit to be tolerated. Befides, it allowed that the Brethren, for they are men, made many mistakes, and ftill do fo. In the writings of Count Zinzendorff were many hazarded, remarkable, and paradoxical po fitions. Thefe, when they are well examined, are not wrong in themselves, for they admit of a good meaning; but if they are looked upon fuperficially, and feparately from their context, they may be much mifapprehended. Befides this, he threw out many ideas, that are quite problematical, and of which as much may be faid against as for them; but he defired all the Brethren not to enter into the defence of these matters. He also made ufe of fome expreffions that had been generally abandoned; but upon this being reprefented to him, he gave them up.

From time to time many writings were published against the Brethren; but not all of the fame nature. Some were properly written, and were defigned to be useful; and these had a good effect. Others were compofed in heat, but with mifunderstanding, and without fufficient infight into the matters in

+ See Crantz's History of the Brethren, for a farther account of all historical matters relating to this people.

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queftion; but many were fo filled with falfehoods and calumnies, that fenfible people, who were not at all connected with the Moravians, had them in abomination: confequently they did the Brethren no hurt, for when people had opportunities of knowing, or vifiting any congregation of the Brethren, they faw, as clear as day, what flagrant untruths had been written against them.

In the mean time, Count Zinzendorff resolved to make good ufe of all the remarks which had been made on divers paffages in his writings. He declared, openly, that he cancelled for the public all the former editions of his writings, as they were fo full of faults, and would no longer acknowledge any of them as his, till he should have revised them. He actually began a revifion of them; but he was called to his Lord, whom he had served here with all his heart, before he had finished the revifal of his writings.'

This account of the celebrated Zinzendorff will be new to many of our readers. From all the information we have been able to procure from the fountain head, it appears to be strictly true; and affords a rare inftance of candour, and perhaps the only inftance of any ufe that a controversy of this kind has ever been of. This people, it is faid, have ears open to conviction and correction; which is certainly a good ingredient in every religion or fect. They profefs to be fo far from thinking themselves infallible, that they are intimately perfuaded of the contrary; and the main bufinefs of their fynods feems to be, to fearch out faults and errors in themselves, to fuppofe amendment and correction neceffary, and to amend and correct readily. As long as this proper fpirit fhall continue among them, they may deserve attention and regard.

If we were to make extracts from all the important paffages in this little piece, we should trespass too much on our limits. But the following, relative to religious perfecution, especially deserves our notice; as it bears exact reference to what has actually paffed in Bohemia.

Mr. Sp. fays to the Bohemian Prior, the cruelties exercifed by the Catholics in Bohemia are not furpaffed in Heathen story (I think not equalled); and yet all those who have practised them were baptifed in the name of Jefus, and took the name of Chriftians. Upon thinking whence thefe enormities could arife, I could find no other cause than the force upon confcience and religion. One party of Chriftians fays, "we alone underftand the doctrine of Jefus, and we alone walk in the right path of life; we have the Temple of the Lord; God is to be found with us; and he who will be faved must be joined to us." Now, if perfons differ from them in this mode of thinking or acting, because they think they also are in the right, the others

grow angry; they begin to quarrel with them, and fall into hatred, wrath, ftrife, &c. From hard words, and hard names, they proceed to harfher means. They call in the help of the magiftrate, and ufe violence. Then laws are made by their fuggeftion, to force the others, who do not think as they do, from their errors. They feize their books, even their Bibles! When they meet to fing and pray with one another, and to hear and confider the word of God, they are fallen upon. Their teachers are banished, and it is death for any one to harbour them. The children of these fuppofed Heretics are forbidden to learn any trade whereby they might get their bread. By this means people whom they would reclaim from their errors are forced into places of worship, against their will, and judgment, as believing that the doctrine they are thus obliged to hear is falle. They are commanded to abandon their errors, or leave the country, s exiles; and to fwear that they will forfake their errors, and believe every thing that those. in power believe: and if they do not leave the country, or quit their errors, they shall be imprisoned, and feel what it is to be difobedient to government. Now, when one party of Chriftians ufe thefe, or any fuch forcible means to reclaim men from their real or fuppofed errors, I call this a force upon confcience and religion; and I own that I deteft it.'

All this is very well faid, and we rejoice to hear that it is faid at Vienna and Prague; we hope too that the time will foon come when the fame fentiments may with fafety be avowed every where else.

ALMANACH VETERINAIRE, i. e. Veterinarian Almanack, or Abstract of the Hiftory of the Progress made in the Cure of the Difeafes of Cattle, fince the establishment of the Royal Veterinarian Schools. For the Year 1782, Paris, 12mo. p. 216.

HIS is the first volume of a work that is intended to be continued annually. It accordingly contains a brief account of the inftitution of the schools lately established, first at Lyons, and fince at Maifonville, near Paris, for the purpose of inftructing pupils methodically in the knowledge and cure of the feveral diseases of domestic animals. The former dates its existence from the year 1761; the latter did not receive its confiftency till the year 1780, when certain funds were affigned for its fupport. Both were established under the aufpices of M. BERTIN, Secretary of State; and a zealous patriot, named CLAUDE BOURGELAT, is celebrated as the original founder.

The prefent work dwells chiefly on the inftitution at Maifonville. Here they have, befide proper accommodations for the teachers and pupils, a chapel, a hall for public exercises, a the

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atre for diffections, an ample collection of ftuffed animals, and anatomical preparations; a botanical garden, a pharmaceutical repofitory; nine large ftables for the reception of the difeafed cattle fent to them, where they are claffed according to their feveral distempers; two farriers fhops with all neceffary implements, the one for actual service, the other for the inftruction and practice of the pupils; and laftly, an hydraulic machine of a curious conftruction, which distributes the water of a well all over the buildings and grounds.

To this academy pupils are fent from every part of France. They are inftructed, both theoretically and practically, in every thing that relates to the Veterinarian art; and as, on their return to their provinces, many of them are likely to be fixed in remote places where their profeffional skill may occafionally render them ufeful to men as well as cattle, they are likewife inftructed in the moft effential parts of furgery, and in midwifery. Farriers for the regiments of cavalry may also receive their education here; and the establishment is likewise rendered useful to the polite arts by a lecture that is given occafionally to young painters and fculptors, on the proper reprefentation of the feveral kinds of animals, and of their different parts. Honorary rewards, fuch as medals, chains, &c. are diftributed to those who diftinguifh themselves by their affiduity and progrefs.

The greater part of the work before us confifts of accounts of fuch of the distempers of domestic animals as have been particularly attended to fince the establishment of this academy. The firft is a difeafe which broke out in 1780 in Sologne, and was there called the red malady (maladie rouge, or fimply maladie). We collect from a table fubjoined to this account, that of 20,114 head of cattle, 2,381 had perished before the arrival of the Vete rinarians; that only 444 died after their arrival; and that all the remainder being 17,289, either recovered, or, having taken the prophylactics, totally efcaped the contagion. The other diforders here defcribed, are the carbuncles, the itch, the fcab, and the canine madness.

The compiler enters very largely into the fubject of this last dreadful difeafe; perhaps too much fo, confidering the uncertainty in which, after all, he is obliged to leave us concerning moft points that relate to it. He enumerates the remedies that have hitherto been applied; and laftly, mentions that which has been found most efficacious in the practice of this new eftablishment. Its chief ingredient is an infufion of common pimpernel (Anagallis flore puniceo) to one pint of which is added two drachms of concrete volatile alkali. This draught, which is a dofe for a quadruped, is administered three or four times the first day, and twice or only once during the eight or ten following days; emollient glyfters are now and then applied, and the ani

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mal is kept warm, and upon light food. The wound, when the diforder proceeds from a bite, is to be washed and fcarified, and fome of the powder of the anagallis to be applied to it. Many cafes are enumerated in which this remedy is faid to have been efficacious; but we muft obferve, that it has been differently administered in different cafes, fo that those who may wish to make a trial of it, should confult the book itself.

ART. XIII.

Acta Academia Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanæ, &c. i. e. Tranfactions of the Imperial Academy of Sciences at Petersburg for the Year 1779. 4to. 840 pages, the Two Parts, and 29 Plates. Petersburg. 1782.

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T is not uncommon to see the fair-sex cultivating the flowery fhrubs of Parnaffus, nay fometimes peeping into the temple of science; but it is a rare phenomenon to find a lady at the head of a learned academy, whofe labours turn, for the most part, on the moft difficult and fevere parts of natural philofophy. This phenomenon is exhibited to us by the appointment of the Princefs DASCHOW to the place of directress fhall we call her, or director of the academy of Petersburg. Our doubt about the termination of her title is suggested by a line in the Henriade, where the French monarch is made to fay to Queen Elizabeth,

Et l'Europe vous compte parmi fes plus grands hommes. By a like fuggeftion we should have been tempted to say that Princess Dafchow was placed at the head of the academy by the Emperor Catherine-but, let us not indulge digreffions.

The publication of these memoirs has been retarded by fome inteftine feuds in the academy, which have been fettled by the intervention of this new female prefident. All is happily açcommodated, and the labours of the academicians are now refumed, and will be hereafter carried on with new vigour.

In the HISTORICAL PART of this volume we find a letter written by Count JVAN GREGORIWITZ DE CZERNISCHEF, Vice-Prefident of the admiralty, concerning the Spontaneous inflammation of a mixture of foot and oil, that was kept in a hammock, and defigned for painting a fhip. This accident happened the 20th of April 1779, about eleven at night, in a frigate that was just ready for failing, and the fmoke iffued in abundance. from a chamber in which there had been no fire for five days before. This phenomenon furnifhed a fubject for a multitude of experiments, which were made firft at the admiralty, and afterwards by the academy. Those made at the admiralty are circumftantially related in Count Czernifchef's letter and those made at the academy, in a memoir of M. GEORGI, entitled, Experiments relative to the fpontaneous inflammation of foot, mixed with different oils. It is certain that fuch mixtures