12. Acum, iacum-as in Nemetacum, Epiacum, GessoriaAig (Welsh), a herd, flock, troop; aig and aich are likewise common terminations in Welsh.

cum.

13. Ates and iates, atus.-Iaid, aid, in Welsh, a frequent termination of adjectives, as Ceisariaid the Cæsarians or Romans, easily convertible into ates, iates: likewise aeth, a termination of nouns, as Cattraeth.

14. Ritum-in Augustoritum, Poictiers; Anderitum, Javols; Camboritum, Cambridge; Durocoritum, Vannes. Rhyd, Welsh, Rŷd, Cornish, a ford; whence Rhyd-ychan, the Welsh for Oxford. Erse has no corresponding word approaching to this root.

15. Triges-in Durotriges. Trig in Welsh, to stay, to abide; whence trigan, to remain ; trigadiad, inhabitants; hence Duro-triges, dwellers near water.

16. Lhwch, Welsh-loch, Erse, lake, inlet of water. This word occurs chiefly as lug or luc, as Loukotokia, Paris. Lugdunum, the capital of the Segusiani, between the Rhone and the Dubis, was situated under a hill, where, according to Strabo, the Arar and Rhone join.

From the preceding collection I think it appears that the extant Celtic dialects have probably lost many words which were known to the ancient people who spoke the Celtic and Belgic languages, and were common to both; but that a greater number of the elements of compound names are discoverable in Welsh than in Erse. I shall now make an attempt to analyse some proper names and titles of persons, and a few particular epithets.

1. Brennus occurs twice in the scanty record of Celtic names. Brennus who sacked Rome was a king of the Senones. The Brennus who commanded the Celtic invaders of Greece, was probably a chief of the Tectosagi. Both these nations were, as we have seen reason to believe, Celtic Gauls.

Brennus has been supposed to be Brenhin, the Welsh word for king. Perhaps this word is originally allied to the proper name Bran or Brân, which is of frequent occurrence among the chieftains of Welsh tribes: there was a Bran ap Lhyr, the father of Caradoc or Caractacus, a Bran ap Llywarch, and a Bran ap Dyvnwal. Bren is the Armorican word for king.

VOL. III.

K

In Erse there is an obsolete word Braes, meaning prince, but this is too remote.

2. Orix is the termination of many names of Gaulish chiefs, as Ambiorix, Cingetorix, Vercingetorix, Eporedorix, Dumnorix, Orgetorix. Boiorix was a chieftain of the Cimbri.

*

Goruch, or in construction oruch, the initial g being omitted by rule, means in Welsh 'sovereignty, supremacy :' there is also an adverb goruch, which means 'above, superior.' Orix may be derived from this etymon, but I rather think it comes from gorwych, meaning præpotens, vжεрáλкμos, a word of admitted use. Thus Cingetorix is easily resolvable into Cyncad, meaning the first in battle, and Orwych. The compound name, which is perfectly in the genius of the Welsh language, Cyncad-orwych, could not otherwise be so easily written by a Roman as by Cingetorix.† Dumnorix is the valiant or mighty Dwvyn or Dymhyn, or Dymhn. This in one syllable enters into the composition of Welsh or British proper names, as Dyvnwal Moelmud, or Dunwallo Molmutius, Dyvnaint, Dumnacus, a prince of the Andes.

Ver, in Vercingetorix, and in other names, is probably the Welsh gwr, wr, Irish fear, meaning vir, pws. Gw in Welsh, commonly represents vi in Latin, as in gwraig, virago; sometimes vo, as in Gwrtheyrn (Vortigern in a Latinised orthography), that name meaning “vir princeps."+ Strabo writes the name of Vercingetorix Ουερκιγγετωριξ. It may be observed that ovep quite as nearly resembles gwr and wr as the Irish fear. Hence Ver-cinget-orix is Gwr-cyncad-orwych, and Orgetorix is Gorcad-orwych. Ambiorix has the same orix, following Ambi, which occurs in other Celtic names, as in Ambigatus.

*U in Welsh is pronounced almost as i, or as ue in the vulgar pronunciation in some parts of Germany.

+ O'Brien derives Cingetorix from the Erse words Cin-go-toir, meaning leader of the expedition.' He supposes it an official title, not a proper name. But this would make only a term for a merely temporary appointment; whereas Cingetorix, if not a proper name, was a perpetual and constant designation of a particular person. Something more is wanting to explain the termination ix, which is not a Latin ending; and the orir is probably of the same origin in this as in other names. The Welsh etymon above given is preferable, as it fulfils all these conditions. It affords a personal and constant designation, it explains the termination in ix, and it elucidates all the other corresponding names above enumerated.

Vortimer is, however, Gorthevyr, gor answering to the Welsh vor.

It will afford some confirmation of the conclusions drawn in the last section, as to the identity of language among different Celtic nations, to observe that those names terminating in orix, and formed from the same etymons, are common to tribes belonging to all the different branches of the race. Cæsar mentions two chieftains named Cingetorix, one a chief of the Cantii, or people of Kent,* the other a prince of the Treviri:+ the latter of these tribes were Belgæ, the former, inhabiting the south-eastern extremity of Britain, were also probably Belgæ.‡ Vercingetorix was the son of Celtillus, of the tribe of Arverni,§ whose father, as Cæsar says, had obtained the principality of all Gaul, that is of all Celtica, for the Belgæ had no concern with the relations between the states of Celtica. To the same confederacy we find several Celtic states united under this Vercingetorix, as the Senones, Parisii, Pictones, Cadurci, Turones, Aulerci, Lemovices, Andes and others, extending to the sea-coast. All these were genuine Celtic tribes, and with the Arverni, they occupied the heart of Gallic Celtica. There can be no doubt that Vercingetorix was a Celt, which the name of his father would alone indicate him to have been. Dumnorix was a prince of the Hædui, and Orgetorix of the Helvetii, both of which nations were undoubtedly Celts, since they inhabited the southern region of Gaul, remote from Belgica, and were, especially the former, in relation with the Romans, and certainly well known to them at a time when the very name of Belge was unheard. The Helvetii had defeated a Roman army, and the Hædui, before Cæsar's time, were allies of Rome, and Divitiacus, the brother of Dumnorix, who was a Druid, was the hospes of a Roman family. Ambiorix again was a Belgian, being prince of the Eburones, between the Rhine and the Meuse. Ambigatus, whose name was the same, with a

* Lib. v. c. 12.

Lib. v. c. 3.

Lib. vii. c. 4.

§ Strabo describes the Arverni as a most powerful people in Gaul. The metropolis of OveρKIYYETWρI was Gergovium. Adjoining to the Arverni was the country of the Mandubii-between the Hædui and the Senones. In their territory was the great Gaulish town of Alesia. Λουέριος ὁ Βιττου or Βιτίτου πατηρ was a rich Arvernian citizen. Aoveptog is, perhaps, Llywarch (pronounced Λουαρχ).

Lib. v. c. 24.

different termination, was king of the Bituriges, who were Celts. Lastly, Boiorix was chieftain of the Cimbri, whom his name seems to connect with the Boii and other Celts. Divitiacus affords another instance of a name common to the two nations, for Divitiacus the Druid was a Hæduan, and there was another, a Belgic Divitiacus, who is said to have acquired great power in Britain.

In general the names of men in Belgica and Celtica are very much alike, and have similar elements. Many end in atus, as Ambigatus; others in acus; and still more in marus, as Civismarus, Indutiomarus, Viridumarus. These last are probably compound names, marus representing the frequent Welsh epithet mawr, as Britomarus, the Insubrian chief mentioned by Florus, was Brito the Great, or Brython mawr.

The names of Gauls and Britons mentioned in history appear then to furnish abundant proof that the language of the different parts, both of this island and of Celtic and Belgic Gaul, was the same, and that this language was nearly akin to the Welsh.

Boadicea, the queen of the Iceni, was the daughter of Prasutagus. She is called by Dio and Xiphilin, Bonduca. Nearly the same name occurs in an old inscription in the country of the Silures, in which Bodvuc is said to have been the son of Catot.*

It has often been observed that the names of two rivers in Southern Gaul are descriptive of them, when referred to Welsh etymons. Arar, which flowed "leni amne," is perhaps derived from arav, mild, gentle, in Welsh; and Garonne, from garw, rough, impetuous. The initial part of Lugdunum, and many other names, is perhaps the Welsh Lhwch, a lake or inlet. The Erse loch is somewhat more remote. Lhwch is probably the first syllable of the Gallic term for Paris, namely, Lukotokia or Luketekia, as Strabo and Ptolemy have the name of that city.†

• On Margam mountain is an upright stone on a small barrow, with an inscription, mentioned by Camden, and still very legible. It is "Hic jacet Bodvuc, filius Catotis, Urni pronepos, æternali in domo." This must have been erected previously to the introduction of Christianity.

From lhwch (luch), water, and toki, i. e. toki, to cut. The Parisii lived on the islands divided by the Seine.

Armorica, a sea-coast land, from ar mor, Welsh; in Erse, air muir.

Arelatum, Arles, from ar, upon, and llaeth, morass.*

I shall now add a few authentic Gaulish words, preserved in classical authors, together with their meanings. As these are termed "vocabula Gallica et Celtica," they may be considered as component words of the Celtic or Gallic idiom, properly so termed, and they will tend to elucidate the question, to which modern language the old Celtic most approximated.

1. Petorritum, a four-wheeled carriage, according to Quintilian, Varro, Sestus, and Gellius, derived its name from the language of the Galli.+ Petor, four, is Welsh and Cornish ; rhod, a wheel, in Welsh. This word could not be derived from the Gaëlic or Irish, in which keathar is the term for four.

2. Pempedula, cinqfoil, according to Dioscorides, so termed from the (Celtic) Dacians. Pemp, pump, five, Welsh, Cornish, and Armorican; and deilen, Welsh for a leaf. The Irish word for leaf, duille, would answer as well for the etymon, but the Irish word for five is cuig.

3. Bascaude, a basket. A British word. A British word. "Barbara de pictis venit bascauda Britannis." Welsh basgawd, a basket, from basg, to net or plait. The Erse has baskeitt, a basket, but without the root, and perhaps derived from English.

4. Trimarkisia, according to Pausanias, a Galatian word for a knight fighting with two horsemen, as helpers. Etym. tri, three, and march, horse, both in Welsh and Erse.

5. In the life of St. Caprasius, it is said that the town of Agen in Guienne or Agennum, had its name "ab hiatu speluncæ." Agen is a Welsh word for a cleft or cave. There is no similar word in Erse with this meaning.

6. Bagaude, the rustic multitude who made an insurrection in Gaul in the time of Diocletian and Maximian.

bagad, a multitude.

• Mithridates, ii. 4.

Welsh

† Aul. Gellius says, "Petorritum enim est non ex Græca dimidiatum sed totum Transalpibus. Nam est vox Gallica."

Martial, xiv. 97.