that, with the utmost economy, the expenses of his office are thirty dollars a week, and they sustained him. In 1799 the taxable property was over eight hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Grain and lumber were the source of this wealth. No sleigh that came into Troy with boards or logs, no wagon that rolled up to a granary with bags of grain, was suffered to go away loaded. Along the river bank were great storehouses filled with bins. On the land-side was the lifting tackle, by which the sacks of corn or wheat were raised to the loft and placed in the pan of the clumsy scales. The counter weights were stones, and to weigh with them was a problem in arithmetic. On the waterside projected long spouts, through which the grain was poured into the sloops and schooners beneath. In the great flourmills of Pennsylvania, grain elevators, with buckets not larger than a common tea-cup, were in use.

The second pathway over which thousands of emigrants rushed westward lay through the valley of the Ohio. As early as 1794 the trade between Pittsburg and Cincinnati had become so paying that a line of packet-boats began to ply between the two towns. They made the trip once a month, were bullet-proof, and, for defence against the Indians, carried six cannon throwing a pound-ball each, and were plentifully supplied with muskets and ammunition.

When Wayne quieted the Indians, the stream of emigration turned northward, and the territory northwest of the river filled rapidly. At the time the first census was taken there could not be found from the Ohio to the Lakes, from Pennsylvania to the Mississippi, but four thousand two hundred and eighty human beings. The second census gave to Ohio Territory alone a population of forty-five thousand three hundred and sixty-five. The numbers in Kentucky in the same period had swollen from seventy-three thousand six hundred to two hundred and twenty thousand nine hundred and fifty. This was nine thousand greater than in the State of New Jersey. The figures of the census are expressive of the enormous exodus from New England. The total increase of population in the five States of that section, including Maine, was two hundred and twenty-nine thousand. In the five Southern States the gain was four

hundred and sixteen thousand. Of the New England States, four lost and one retained rank. Of the five Southern States, two lost rank, two gained rank, and Virginia remained first. Such was the emigration to New York that it rose from the fifth to the third State in the Union. North Carolina fell from the third in 1790 to the fourth in 1800. Thousands of her people had gone_over the mountains to settle along the Cumberland, the Holston, and the Kentucky border, there to live a life of poverty, sacrifice, and independence. The centre of population had moved westward fortyone miles.

Beyond the Blue Ridge everything was most primitive. Half the roads were traces," and blazed.

66

More than half the houses, even in the settlements, were log-cabins. When a stranger came to such a place to stay, the men built him a cabin, and made the building an occasion for sport. The trees felled, four corner men were elected to notch the logs, and while they were busy, the others ran races, wrestled, played leap-frog, kicked the hat, fought, gouged, gambled, drank, did everything then considered an amusement. After the notching was finished the raising took but a few hours. Many a time the cabin was built, roofed, the door and window cut out, and the owner moved in before sundown. The chinks were stopped with chips and smeared with mud. The chimney was of logs, coated with mud six inches thick. The table and the benches, the bed-stead and the door, were such as could be made with an axe, an auger, and a saw. A rest for the rifle and some pegs for clothes completed the fittings.

PSALM CXXXIII. OF DAVID,

KING OF ISRAEL.

[Dirk Rafael Kamphuysen was born at Gorkum, Holland, 1586, died 1626. Celebrated for his "Paraphrase of the Psalms."]

O, blest abode, where love is ever vernal,
Where tranquil peace and concord are eternal,
Where none usurp the highest claim,
But each with pride asserts the other's
fame!

Fraternal unanimity?

E'en as the ointment, whose sweet odors blended,

From Aaron's head upon his beard descended; Which hung a while in fragrance there, Bedewing every individual hair,

And, falling thence, with rich perfume ran

o'er

The holy garb the prophet wore:

So doth the unity that lives with brothers Share its best blessings and its joys with others,

And makes them seem as if one frame Contained their minds, and they were formed

the same,

His promises of future blessings greet it, And fixed prosperity, which brings

Long life and ease beneath its shadowing wings,

And joy and fortune, that remain sublime Beyond all distance, change, and time. Translated by BowRING.

THE LIVES OF THE ROMAN POETS.

Until it penetrates the heart.

composer of exercises in pleading; nay, from a letter of Pliny's to him, it may be gathered that he sometimes pleaded causes in person. Pliny procured him the dig

ing,

All nature with its beauty is adorning,

And flows from Hermon calm and still,
And bathes the tender grass on Zion's hill,
And to the young and withering herb re-
signs

The drops for which it pines:

So are fraternal peace and concord ever
The cherishers, without whose guidance never
Would sainted quiet seek the breast,—
The life, the soul of unmolested rest,—
The antidote to sorrow and distress,
And prop of human happiness.

Ah! happy they whom genial concord blesses!
Pleasure for them reserves her fond caresses,
And joys to mark the fabric rare,

On virtue founded, stand unshaken there; Whence vanish all the passions that destroy Tranquillity and inward joy.

Who practise good are in themselves rewarded,

For their own deeds lie in their hearts recorded;

And thus fraternal love, when bound

By virtue, is with its own blisses crowned, And tastes, in sweetness that itself bestows, What use, what power, from concord flows.

got transferred to another. Though childless, Suetonius was, through the same friendly agency, presented by Trajan with the jus trium liberorum, which, in that reign, was only to be had by great interest. He was afterward secretary of the emperor Hadrian, whose favor he had secured. The date of his death is unknown. All his works (among which, as we learn from Suidas, there were several on topics usually treated by grammarians) have been lost, except his Lives of the Caesars, his Lives of Eminent Grammarians, and (in part only) his Lives of Eminent Rhetoricians, and Lives of the Poets. It is by the first of these works that he is most favorably known, replete as it is with information about the twelve Cæsars, from Caius Julius to Domitian, which is to be had nowhere else, and abounding with anec dotes which, while they too often prove the profligacy of his heroes, testify to the impartiality of their chronicler. From a period long before the renaissance to the present these "Lives" have always been favorite reading, and have found numerous editors, the best of whom is still Burmann (Amsterdam, 1736), and numerous translators into nearly every European language.

From his works we select all that has come down to us of the lives of the Roman poets.]

THE LIFE OF TERENCE.

Publius Terentius Afer, a native of Carthage, was a slave, at Rome, of the senator Terentius Lucanus, who, struck by his abilities and handsome person, gave him not only a liberal education in his youth, but his freedom when he arrived at years of maturity. Some say

that he was a captive taken in war, but this, as Fenestella' informs us, could by no means have been the case, since both his birth and death took place in the interval between the termination of the second Punic war and the commencement of the third; nor even supposing that he had been taken prisoner by the Numidian or Getulian tribes, could he have fallen into the hands of a Roman general, as there was no commercial intercourse between the Italians and Africans until after the fall of Carthage. Terence lived in great familiarity with many persons of high station, and especially with Scipio Africanus, and Caius Lælius.

3

He wrote comedies, the earliest of which, The Andria, having to be performed at the public spectacles given by the ædiles, he was commanded to read it first before Cæcilius. Having been introduced while Cæcilius was at supper, and being meanly dressed, he is reported to have read the beginning of the play seated on a low stool near the great man's couch. But after reciting a few verses, he was invited to take his place at table, and, having supped with his host, went through the rest to his great delight. This play and five others were received by the public with similar applause, although Volcatius, in his enumeration of them, says that "The Hecyra must not be reckoned among these.

The Eunuch was even acted twice the same day, and earned more money than any comedy, whoever was the writer, had ever done before, namely, eight thousand sesterces; besides which, a certain sum accrued to the author for the title. But Varro prefers the opening of The Adelphi

1 Lucius Fenestella, an historical writer, is mentioned by Lactantins, Seneca, and Pliny, who says, that he died towards the close of the reign of Tiberius.

2 The second Punic war ended A.U.C. 552, and the third began A.U.C. 605. Terence was probably born about 560. 3 Carthage was laid in ruins A.U.C. 606 or 607, six

hundred and sixty-seven years after its foundation. + St. Jerom also states that Terence read the "Andria to Cæcilius who was a comic poet at Rome; but it is clearly an anachronism, as he died two years before this period. It is proposed, therefore, to amend the text by substituting Acilius, the ædile.

The "Hecyra," The Mother-in-law, is one of Terence's plays.

About £80 sterling; the price paid for the two performances. What further right of anthorship is meant by the words following, is not very clear.

He appears to have protested against this imputation with less earnestness, because the notion was far from being disagreeable to Lælius and Scipio. It therefore gained ground, and prevailed in after times.

Quintus Memmius, in his speech in his own defence, says: "Publius Africanus, who borrowed from Terence a character which he had acted in private, brought it on the stage in his name. Nepos tells us he found in some book that C. Lælius, when he was on some occasion at Puteoli, on the calends [the first] of March, being requested by his wife to rise early, begged her not to suffer him to be disturbed, as he had gone to bed late, having been engaged in writing with more than usual success. On her asking him to tell her what he had been writing, he repeated

7 This report is mentioned by Cicero (Ad Attic. vii. 3), who applies it to the younger Lælius. The Scipio here mentioned is Scipio Africanus, who was at this time about twenty-one years of age.

8The calends of March was the festival of married women.

the verses which are found in the Heautontimoroumenos :

Satis pol proterve me Syri promessa

-Heauton. IV. iv. 1.

I'faith! the rogue Syrus' impudent pre

tences

1

Santra is of opinion that if Terence required any assistance in his compositions, he would not have had recourse to Scipio and Lælius, who were then very young men, but rather to Sulpicius Gallus, an accomplished scholar, who had been the first to introduce his plays at the games given by the consuls; or to Q. Fabius Labeo, or Marcus Popilius, both men of consular rank, as well as poets. It was for this reason that, in alluding to the assistance he had received, he did not speak of his coadjutors as very young men, but as persons of whose services the people had full experience in peace, in war, and in the administration of affairs.

3

After he had given his comedies to the world, at a time when he had not passed his thirty-fifth year, in order to avoid suspicion, as he found others publishing their works under his name, or else to make himself acquainted with the modes of life and habits of the Greeks, for the purpose of exhibiting them in his plays, he withdrew from Rome, to which he never returned. Volcatius gives this account of his death:

Sed ut Afer sei populo dedit comædias,
Iter hic in Asiam fecit. Navem cum semel
Conscendit, visus nunquam est. Sic vita vacat
When Afer had produced six plays for the
entertainment of the people,

He embarked for Asia; but from the time he went on board ship

He was never seen again. Thus he ended his life.

1 The idea seems to have prevailed that Terence, originally an African slave, could not have attained that purity of style in Latin composition which is found in his plays, without some assistance. The style of Phædrus, however, who was a slave from Thrace, and lived in the reign of Tiberius, is equally pure, although no such suspicion attaches to his work.

2 Cicero (de Clar. Orat. c. 207) gives Sulpicius Gallus a high character as a finished orator and elegant scholar. He was consul when the Andria was first produced.

3 Labeo and Popilius are also spoken of by Cicero in high terms.

Q. Consentius reports that he perished at sea on his voyage back from Greece, and that one hundred and eight plays, of which he had made a version from Methat he died at Stymphalos, in Arcadia, or nander, were lost with him. Others say in Leucadia, during the consulship of Cn. Cornelius Dolabella and Marcus Fulvius

Nobilior, worn out with a severe illness, and with grief and regret for the loss of his baggage, which he had sent forward in a ship that was wrecked, and contained the last new plays he had written.

In person, Terence is reported to have been rather short and slender, with a dark complexion. He had an only daughter,

who was afterwards married to a Roman knight; and he left also twenty acres of garden ground, on the Appian Way, at the Villa of Mars.

Afranius places him at the head of all the comic writers, declaring, in his Compitalia,

Terentio non similem dices quemquam.
Terence's equal cannot soon be found.

On the other hand, Volcatius reckons him inferior not only to Nævius, Plautus, and Cæcilius, but also to Licinius. Cicero pays him this high compliment, in his Limo

Tu quoque, qui solus lecto sermone, Terenti, Conversum expressumque Latina voce Menan

drum

In medio populi sedatis vocibus offers, Quidquid come loquens, ac omnia dulcia dicens.

"You, only, Terence, translated into Latin, and clothed in choice language the

4 The story of Terence's having converted into Latin plays this large number of Menander's Greek comedies, is beyond all probability, considering the age at which he died, and other circumstances. Indeed, Menander never wrote so many as are here stated.

They were consuls A. U. c. 594. Terence was, therefore, thirty-four years old at the time of his death. • Hortulorum, in the plural number. This term, often found in Roman authors, not inaptly describes the vast number of little inclosures, consisting of vineyards, orchards of fig-trees, peaches, etc., with patches of tillage, in which maize, legumes, melons, pumpkins, and other vegetables are cultivated for sale, still found on small properties, in the south of Europe, particularly in the neighborhood of towns.