so be born? If this is so, it is of course likely that St. Luke may have owed his conception to St. Paul's doctrine of Christ as the second Adam; but, if our argument has been sound, St. Paul himself owed it to an earlier source, embodied in a collection of Testimonia for general use. If, then, St. Luke's Toû 'Adáμ, ToÛ EOD links itself on to viòs eo in the words of the Annunciation, and if his thought shows connexion with St. Paul's doctrine of the two Adams, is it likely that St. Paul, in enunciating this doctrine, was ignorant of the tradition of the Virgin-Birth? *

* This point has already been brought out by Dr. Box, The Virgin Birth of Jesus, pp. 38 f., 150.

CHAPTER II

THE SENTENCE

Asyndeton.

It is highly characteristic of Aramaic to open its sentences abruptly without the use of a connective particle. In this respect its contrast with Hebrew is very marked, the latter language regularly employing 'And' in prose to connect a sentence with what goes before, the force of this 'And'-varying as determined by the context (And, So, Then, But, Yet, &c.). This difference in usage may well be illustrated from the Book of Daniel, in which chs. 11—24, 8—12 are written in Hebrew, while chs. 211—7 are in Aramaic.

Dan. 1'-2 (Hebrew) consists of 23 sentences. Of these, 22 (i.e. all but the opening verse of ch. 1) begin with 'And' (sometimes variously rendered in R.V. 'Then', 'But', 'So').

Dan. 29 (Aramaic) contains 44 sentences. Of these, 22 begin with a connective particle, and 22 without such particle. The openings are as follows:

And Daniel went ודניאל על 2.16 .Because of this כל קבל דנה 2.12

This image צלמא דכן 0.310 .That image) הוא צלמא 7.32

. Thou sawest חזה הוית

.And the toes ואצבעת רגליא 0.42 And whereas thou ודי חזיתה 0.43

sawest'.

And in their days'.

34 V.

.Then the king* באדין מלכא 0.46 .Then the king: אדין מלכא 0.48 This is the • דנה חלמא 2.36

2.49 And Daniel'.

This great frequency of unconnected sentences is equally characteristic of the rest of the Aramaic portion of the Book of Daniel. In ch. 8 the Hebrew begins again, and here we have 27 sentences (corresponding with the verse-division). Of these, 24 begin with 'And' (sometimes rendered, 'Then', 'Now', 'So', 'Yea'), and 3 only (vv.14.20) without any connective particle. It will thus be seen how clear is the distinction in style between Aramaic and Hebrew even of so late a date (c. 167 B. C.). When we come down to the Hebrew of the Mishna, we do find a paucity of connective particles, entirely owing to the influence of Aramaic.

Now great frequency of sentences opening without a connective particle is a marked characteristic of the Fourth Gospel. If we take ch. 1-neglecting openings in speeches (vv.20-23, &c.), where asyndeton is natural in Greek as in English-we find 34 asyndeton

openings, as against 28 with connective particle. In the 28 sentences which have connective particles, these are και 19 times, δέ 4 times, ὅτι twice, οὖν 3 times. And ', which is thus more than doubly as frequent as all the others taken together, is the ordinary Semitic connective particle, which bears various forces according to the context (cf. p. 49). The openings are as follows:

In order to prove that this characteristic is found throughout the Fourth Gospel, we may take two other chapters-from the middle and end-consisting mainly of narrative. Ch. 11 contains 59 sentences, of which 17 have no connective particle (vv. 25.26.27.34.35.39 bis. 40.44 bix.48); ch. 18 contains 52 sentences, and 20 of these are without connective particle (vv. 1.5b 8.8.1 ̄.20.21.23.25.26.30.21.34.35bis.36.37 ter::8). This is a smaller proportion than in ch. 1; yet, as compared with the Synoptists, it is a very high one. To take three chapters at random from the latter-Mt. 3 contains 13 sentences, none without connective particle; Mk. 1 contains 38 sentences, 2 only without connective particle (vv.); Lk. 8 contains 60 sentences, 2 only without connective particle (vv.sb.49).

Asyndeton ἀπεκρίθη, ἀπεκρίθησαν = asyndeton ngy, 19.

In the openings of unconnected sentences given above from the Aramaic of Dan. 2, it will be noticed that 9 out of the 22 take the form, 'Answered (so and so)'. This is very characteristic,