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popular; new doubts arofe concerning the authority of the British parliament to tax the colonies at all: thofe who had leisure and opportunity to inquire into the principles of our own and other Gothic conftitutions, thought there was evident ground to conclude, that the legislative power was diftinct from the power of taxation. They reafoned farther, to the fame conclufion from the feveral formalities ftill kept up in the mode of originating and paffing bills of fupply. -It was afked, why could the lords neither propofe nor alter moneybills and the answer was obvious, because they are not the reprefentatives of the people. It was observed, that in many parts of Germany, even in the electorate of Hanover, though the council of ftate made laws, it was the diet which granted fupplies: hence it was inferred, (I leave your Lordship to judge how naturally) that the notion which I fear obtains still with the majority of both houses, viz. of the fupremacy of parliament, comprehending taxation, had arifen merely from the accidental union of two distinct powers in the fame hands.

The power of making all laws whatever, whereby money is not levied upon the fubject, belongs equally to both houfes of parliament; both houfes forming together under the fovereign, one council of ftate; but the power of raifing fubfidies, the commons are as jealous of as ever; and I confefs, my Lord, it is my own opinion they ought to be fo; becaufe fubfidies are not the dues of the crown, but the benevolence of the people. Can it be faid the power of raifing taxes in the British parliament extends to Ireland? Did it extend to the counties palatine in England, before their reprefentatives fat in the house of commons? Did it extend to the clergy, till in confideration of their freeholds they were admitted to vote in elections? Had not Calais its representatives, while a part of our dominion? On what pretence, or by what precedent then, fay the friends of the Americans, does this power extend to them?'

In answer to our Author's queftion, whether the counties palatine were taxed before their reprefentatives fat in the houfe of commons,' it is fcarce neceffary to obferve that Chefer had originally its own peculiar parliament, exercifing the exclufive powers of legiflation and taxation.-That when in the reign of Henry VI, the English parliament granted a fubfidy, which was attempted to be levied in that county, as well as in other parts of England, the inhabitants remonftrated against it as an innovation and a grievance; in confequence of which the King forbad the collection of the tax.-Afterwards however the people of Chefter were taxed without being reprefented in the parliament of England: but in the act 34 and 35. Hen. VIII. for allowing them reprefentatives, the circumftance of their having been fo taxed was exprefsly declared to have been a grievance, and derogatory unto the most ancient jurisdictions, liberties, and privileges of the faid county palatine,' as well as prejudicial to the commonwealth, quietness, reft, and peace' of the inhabitants; and perhaps a more direct affirmation of the neceffity of reprefentation to juffify taxation was never made by parliament,

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B---t.

Art. 32. Thoughts on the prefent Contest between Administration and the British Colonies in America; addreffed to the Merchants of the City of London, and all the Sea-ports, trading and manufacturing Towns, in Great Britain and Ireland. 8vo. 1 s. Browne.

This Writer is a warm advocate for the people of America; but few of his thoughts are new and peculiar to himself. B.-t. Art. 33. Extracts from the Votes and Proceedings of the American continental Congress, held at Philadelphia on the 5th of Sept. 1774. 8vo. I s. 6d. Almon.

Art. 34. Journal of the Proceedings of the Congrefs, &c. 8vo. Is. 6d. Dilly, &c.

The two preceding articles together comprehend the whole proceedings of the late American congrefs, particularly the bill of rights, lift of grievances, affociation, addrefs to the people of Great Britain, memorial to the inhabitants of the British American colonies, addrefs to the inhabitants of the province of Quebec, and minutes of occafional refolves, and other proceedings, together with the petition to the King; the greater part of which have been fo generally difperfed and read, that any remarks from us are now become unneceffary. We fhall therefore only obferve, that from the implicit obedience which is paid in all the British American colonies to the affociations of their congrefs, princes and legiflators may learn to know how important it is that all their laws fhould be conformable to the fentiments of the people for whom they are made, and whose welfare ought to be the fole end of all government.-We here see on the one hand, the determinations of an affembly without the smallest power or legal authority, obtaining the most perfect obedience through an extenfive and populous country, and over a numerous people, whofe private interefts would lead them univerfally to dif obey thefe determinations; whilft, on the other, we see that an act of parliament made profeffedly for better regulating the Government of Maffacbufets-Bay, and fupported by a confiderable military and naval force, is not only difobeyed, but is become the means of fufpending all legal government in that province. B---t. Art. 35. An Addrefs to the People of England, Scotland, and Ireland, on the prefent important Crisis of Affairs. By Catharine Macauley. 8vo. 6d. Dilly.

This well-meant effufion of public zeal is chiefly directed against a late performance intitled The Patriot. B...t Art. 36. Authentic Papers from America: fubmitted to the dif paffionate Confideration of the Public. 8vo. 1s. Becket. This collection contains the feveral American petitions previous to the repeal of the ftamp-act, contrafted with the petition of the late congress to the King, and their addrefs to the people of Great Britain. Bt.

Art. 37. A Plan for conciliating the jarring political Interefts f Great Britain and her North American Colonies, &c. 8vo. 6 d. Ridley.

The Author declares, that he has not communicated his plan to any minifterial or anti-minifterial man; nor to any perfon connected with the people of North America or the Weft-Indies;'- and had he

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never communicated it to the public, no lofs would have been fuftained, as it contains nothing that is likely ever to be adopted. Bt. Art. 38. Juftice and Policy. An Effay on the increafing Growth and Enormities of our Great Cities. Shewing the Breaches thereby occafioned in the Conftitution; and to place it on a more firm Bafis, by uniting Ireland, inftead of exchanging Religion for Trade. Alfo a Defcant on the prefent State of the Nation in regard to America, &c. &c. . By a Freeholder in Ireland, and a Stockholder in England. Part II. 8vo. 1s. Dilly, &c. 1774. This honeft Hibernian politician, with all his good intentions, ftill answers the character we heretofore gave of him; the prefent publication being as loofe and rambling, as indigefted and crude, as the former. Perhaps a perfon who conceives and thinks without method, finds his teeming head often overloaded, and brings forth merely to give himself cafe; in which view, though the offspring be little worth, the parent may nevertheless be congratulated on his fafe delivery from his burden.

N.

Art. 39. England's true Intereft, in the Choice of a new Parliament, &c. By a Friend to true Liberty. 8vo. 6d. Richardfon and Urquhart. 1774

This fhould have been noticed a month or two ago; but it escaped our collector. It contains advice to the freeholders,-too good to be minded. It is not this way that votes are gained or lost.

ASTRONOMY.

Art. 40. Tables for computing the apparent Places of the fixt Stars, and reducing Obfervations of the Planets. By the Rev. Nevil Maskelyne, B. D. F. R. S. and Aftronomer-Royal. Published by the Prefident and Council of the Royal Society, at the Public Expence. Fol. 15 s. in fheets. Nourfe. 177.

In this volume, we are prefented with obferved tranfits of the flars and planets over the meridian and zenith distances, for a series of almoft five years, viz. from May 1765 to the clofe of the year 1769; to which are added 56 tables for aftronomical purposes. We learn, from the dedication to the King, prefixed to this work, that his Majefty has commanded the obfervations of the Aftronomer-Royal to be annually published under the infpection of the prefident and council of the Royal Society. R--S.

PHILOSOPHICA L. Art. 41. A Philofophical Effay on Space: In which are exploded thofe commonly received, though contradictory Notions, that Space is Nothing, or that it is the Senforium of the Deity. In a Letter to a Friend. By Richard Yate, Gentleman; Author of feveral learned and ingenious Pieces, which have received the Sanction of the most eminent Profeffors of the liberal Arts. 8vo. IS: Snagg. 1774.

The puff in the title-page will hardly establish the credit of this futile performance on a very abstrufe, metaphysical subject. Rs.

* For the first part, fee Rev. vol. xlviii. p. 152.

METAPHYSICS

METAPHYSICS.

Art. 42. The Spirit and Union of the Natural, Moral and Divine Laru. Izmo. 2s. 6d. fewed. Dodley. 1774.

We have perused this volume with fome degree of attention; but are at a lofs to determine what principles the Author proposes to eftablish. If others are not more fuccefsful than we have been, they will derive little inftruction from thefe lectures. The following are fome of the Author's general conclufions:

There are no ideas of fenfation without reflection, nor of reflection without fenfation.'

The moral law was not originally, but came in with tranfgreffion; it arifes from felf prefervation and intereft, from compact and convenience, and of course must be different in different climates, and variable from the accidents of place, circumftance, and time, and yet good for the place and time being. It is impoffible to reafon à priori, and abfurd to enter into any controverfy concerning the nature of a power.'

'The term moral is improperly applied to any of the attributes of God, because they are invariable:All the attributes of God are of another nature, different from those of men.- We can never com- ? pare our attributes, which are called moral, with those of God, fince things, which to us may appear wrong and cruel, are before God right and benevolent.'

LA W.

Art. 43. The genuine Speech of Lord Mansfield, in giving the Judgment of the Court of King's Bench, Nov. 28th, 1774, in the Caufe of Campbell against Hall, refpecting the King's Letters Patent, of July 20, 1764, for raifing a Duty of 4 per cent. on all the Exports from the Island of Grenada. Taken in Short-hand by a Barrister. 8vo. 25. for 24 fmall pages. Kearfly.

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Some idea of the general nature and grounds from whence this litigation hath proceeded, may be collected from a little article in our Review for January laft, p 69-70.

In this particular cafe, Alexander Campbell, who, in March 1763, had purchased a plantation in Grenada, brought his action against William Hall, collector for his Majefty in that island, of the duty of 4 per cent. on goods exported; in order to recover a fum of money which had been paid by the plaintiff, as a duty upon fugars which he had exported: and the action was brought on this ground, that the duty had not been imposed by lawful or fufficient authority to warrant the defendant in requiring and receiving it. See alfo the pamphlet referred to, in the note, or our fhort sketch of it, as above. It appears, from a special verdict given some time ago, in this cause, at Guildhall, that the money still remained in the defendant's hands, with the attorney-general's confent, for the exprefs purpose of trying the question, as to the validity of impofing this duty, without the concurrence of parliament. Accordingly, this great and important point, is here very ably, impartially, and clearly difcuffed; and, finally, on particular circumftances (not upon the general merits of the

Vid. Confiderations on the impofition of 4 per cent. &c.

cause)

caufe) judgment is given for the plaintiff: by which the island is freed from the payment of the above-mentioned duty; and it now remains to be seen what compenfation government will receive on parliamentary authority.

Art. 44. Farther Proceedings in Fabrigas and Moftyn: with thẹ Record verbatim, and the Arguments of Counsel before the Court of King's Bench, on the Bill of Exceptions, on Tuesday the 15th of November, 1774. Correctly taken in Short-hand, by Mr. Gurney. Fol. 25. Kearly.

Our Readers have seen a brief ftate of the former proceedings in this famous litigation, in our 49th volume, p. 398, and 507: where we took notice that Governor Mostyn, the defendant, against whom the plaintiff had obtained a verdict with 30col. damages, had been refused a new trial, by the Court of Common-Pleas. He then reforted to a writ of error; which was allowed, on the 14th of December 1773; and the argument, on this ground, came on in November laft, as above mentioned in the title. The conteft feems to have been extremely well maintained by the pleaders on both fides; but the matter is yet undecided. The counfel who diftinguished themfelves in thefe laft proceedings, are Mr. Buller, for the governor, and Mr. Peckham for Mr. Fabrigas.

Art. 45. The Neceffity of limiting the Power of the Practitioners in the feveral Courts of Justice; and of making effectual the Law for taxing the Bills of Attornies and Solicitors. In a Letter to Alexander Wedderburn, Efq; his Majesty's Solicitor-general. 4to. 6d. Bew.

Mr. Mawhood, of whofe litigations and fufferings we gave fome intimation in a former Review*, is the writer of this letter. We really pity this gentleman, as, though a man of fpirit, he seems to be engaged in a very unequal conteft. He complains of his lawyers, and boldly arraigns them at the bar of the public, at the fame time that he is still obliged to have recourfe to them. What is the natural confequence of fuch warfare? What can he expect, but that they will form themfelves into an impenetrable phalanx, to oppofe and

overwhelm him?

MEDICAL.

Art. 46. Obfervations on the Ufe of Dr. James's Fever Powder, Emetic Tartar, and other Antimonial Preparations in Fevers. By William White, F. S. A. &c. 8vo. 2s. 6d. Cadell, &c. 1774The great Boerhaave after labouring many years in applying the mechanical philofophy to medicine, and particularly to the expla nation of difeafes, (very few of which feem dependent on mechanical affections,) began, towards the end of his life, to perceive that the doctrine of fevers had been defective, and that fomething more than acrimony of the fluids, muft concur in their production. It was Dr. Hoffman however who, overlooking the fuppofed defects of the paffive circulating fluids, firft confidered fevers as affections of the higher powers of animal bodies, (we mean the fenfible and moving folids,) and particularly referred them to fpafmodic conftrictions of the extreme veffels of the body, and confequent increased actions of the

Vid. our laft volume. Confult the table of contents.

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