Old

Reflexive A reflexive verb is a transitive verb taking as object a pronoun representing the same person thing as the subject:

Factitive

conjugation

Regular

Irregular

The boy has hurt himself. Most men love themselves.

A factitive verb is a transitive verb connecting w its object a noun, pronoun, or adjective modifier : They paint the barn red. We shall choose him captain

According to the way they form their principal par verbs are of the old conjugation, or of the new conjug tion. The principal parts of a verb are the root infi tive, which is the simplest form of the verb, the simp past tense, and the past participle. These are call principal parts, because from them is formed, by mea of personal endings, tense signs, and auxiliaries, th complete scheme of conjugation.

A regular verb of the old conjugation forms its pas tense and past participle from the infinitive by a chang in the root vowel for one or both, sometimes adding or en to the participle: —

give gave given tear tore torn

sing sang sung

An irregular verb of the old conjugation forms its derived principal parts from the infinitive by some change in addition to the change of vowel and the addition of n or en to the participle:

A regular verb of the new conjugation forms its past New tense and past participle from the root infinitive by

conjugation

Regular

adding d or ed:

live lived lived

work worked worked

rap rapped rapped

An irregular verb of the new conjugation forms its Irregular derived principal parts by some change in addition to, or differing from, the adding of d or ed to the infinitive:

Some verbs form one of their derived principal parts Mixed according to the old and the other according to the new conjugation:

Some verbs formerly of the old conjugation now Both belong to the new; and some verbs now form principal parts according to both the old and the new conjugation:

A redundant verb forms its derived principal parts in Redundant

more than one way:

cleave cleaved or cleft or clove or clave

cleaved or cleft or cloven

Note. - Verbs of one syllable ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel (and verbs of more than one syllable so ending and accented on the last syllable), double the final consonant before an added syllable: rapped patted slidden gotten rapping patting getting

Defective A defective verb lacks one or more of its principal p The verbs used only as auxiliaries are of this class. Principal On the basis of their use or importance in comb Auxiliary tions of verb forms, verbs are principal or auxili The principal verb expresses the chief meaning; auxiliaries indicate the grammatical properties of vo mood, tense, and form of conjugation. The princ verb appears throughout the conjugation in the f of the root infinitive with or without a personal endi or a past tense with or without personal ending, or infinitive or participle following an auxiliary. The a iliary verbs are :

Personal

Impersonal

Properties

Voice

Active

be can do have may must need ought shall will Verbs expressing action, being, or condition of definite person or thing are called personal verbs: Snow flies

Rain falls

Verbs expressing action, being, or condition of som thing general or indefinite, and either having for gran matical subject the pronoun it, or having no subject all expressed, are called impersonal verbs :

It

grows dark Meseems As concerns If you please

It snows
It is sunrise
As regards

The grammatical properties of the verb are voice mood, tense, person, number, and form of conjugation. Voice denotes the relation of the subject to the action expressed by the verb. A verb in the active voice expresses an action as performed by the subject:

A verb in the passive voice expresses an action received by the subject:

Abel was killed by Cain.

The pool was stirred by the angel.

Passive

It will be seen that the object of the verb in the
active voice becomes its subject in the passive voice.
Only verbs expressing action have voice. As the Formation
passive voice is made in English by the use of the
auxiliary be and the passive participle, what is said
either of changes in the form of verbs or of grouping
with auxiliaries for mood and tense, cannot apply to
the principal verb in the passive voice, but to the
auxiliary. The same is true of verbs in the progres-
sive form of conjugation.

Mood denotes the manner of conceiving and express- Mood
ing action, being, or condition. Inflection for mood
has nearly disappeared from the English language;
but the term "mood" has been retained to designate
those variations in meaning expressed by verb phrases
analogous to the moods of other languages.

The indicative mood is the mood of simple assertion Indicative or question. It assumes reality:

The harvest is plenteous but the laborers are few.

What will the harvest be?

If I was ever taught to read, I do not remember it.
And though on pleasure she was bent

She had a frugal mind.

The subjunctive mood differs regularly in form from Subjunctive

Uses

use implies doubt, uncertainty, a mere conception posed to fact. It may express :

General condition or supposition,

If the third of six be three,

What will the fourth of twenty be?

Condition contrary to fact,

If this were true (as it is not), I should go.

If I had another bottle (as I have not), or if I had broken this (as I have), I should conclude the exp ment (as I shall not).

Conclusion after an uncertain condition,

If it were done when it is done, then it were well.

Conclusion in a clause of result or purpose,

Hadst thou been here my brother had not died (as he di
See that thou delay not.

Concession,

Though he slay me, yet will I trust him.

Be this as you say, I shall still refuse.

However carefully he choose, he will wish he had chose
differently.

A wish in an independent clause, -(Greek optative
The Lord judge between thee and me.
Somebody call my wife.

A wish in a dependent clause,

O that he were here!

I could wish thou wert my father.

She wished that heaven had made her such a man.