1. I am a jealous God. EXERCISES 2. Frederick became King of Prussia. 3. They remained true to the cause. 4. The girl sat perched on a heap of loose stones. 5. She would often get dislodged from her perch. 6. A train-band captain eke was he. 7. The temptation proved irresistible. 8. Washington has been styled father of his country. 9. Men may live fools. The doors blew open. 10. Now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer. II. The maple grove has turned crimson. 12. Being in a ship is being in jail. 13. Wide is the gate and narrow is the way. 14. Man's soul has been proclaimed immortal. 15. He had been left solitary on the field. 16. Sleep has been called the friend of woe. 17. Their secret foul offence shall be stripped bare. 18. I can hardly continue steadfast. 19. She looked every inch a queen. 20. The sword felt cold and damp. 21. She stood silent. Her wedding bell rang merry. 22. She was going mad. My blood ran cold. 23. Here it comes sparkling, and there it lies darkling. 24. He would make an excellent auctioneer or town-crier. 25. The sun shone bright. The lake lay gleaming in the valley. 26. Three fishers went sailing out into the west. 27. Perhaps it may turn out a song, perhaps turn out a sermon. 28. I was born an American; I live an American; I shall die an American. Verbs of being and condition Intransitive IV. OBJECTS DIRECT AND INDIRECT The verbs be and exist, expressing mere being, and the verbs sleep doze rest sicken die decay and many others, expressing mere condition, may form a complete predicate. The same is true of many verbs expressing action : go come sit live listen rejoice grieve worry Both of these classes are verbs of complete predication; and the former may be called verbs of being or condition, or with the latter be classed as intransitive verbs. To approach the latter class in another way: Verbs expressing action are of two kinds, those expressing a simple action complete in itself, lie wait fall rise flow and those expressing an action incomplete, unless it is received by some person or thing: hit kill take buy catch Transitive Of these verbs, the former class are called intransitive, i.e. the action does not pass along to a receiver; the latter class are called transitive, i.e. the action is thought of as passing along to some person or thing, receiving, enduring, suffering, or in some way affected by the action. Whether a verb is copulative, intransitive, or transi- Classed by tive, depends on its meaning and use. The same verb may be used in several ways: He makes by the transaction (intransitive). These principles make for righteousness (intransitive). He makes brooms (transitive). He makes the street straight (transitive-factitive). Many verbs of condition acquire a causative meaning, thus becoming transitive; or they take after them a modifier of the subject, thus becoming copulative: My elder brother sickened then and died (condition). There I'll rest after much turmoil (condition). I upon this bank will rest my head (transitive) Transitive made intransitive Intransitive made transi tive Causative Cognate Thou shalt rest unquestioned (copulative). Sit and rest you (transitive-reflexive). Verbs ordinarily transitive become intransitive when they signify simply the doing of the action, leaving out of account the person or thing affected by the action. There will then be neither expressed nor understood object : The parson prayed a long prayer and preached a long By assuming a causative meaning, — The horse walks slowly. The groom walks the horse slowly. The raft floated down the stream. The lumberman floated the raft down the stream. By taking an object naming the action asserted by the verb itself, and called a cognate object, Note. He sleeps and dreams. He sleeps a fitful sleep, and dreams uncanny dreams. They live a life of luxury and ease. This cognate object may, in many instances, be resolved into an adverbial objective:— She dances a jig = She dances this way = She dances in a certain manner, or through a certain figure. He sleeps a fitful sleep — He sleeps fitfully By undergoing a slight variation in meaning, She looked carefully about the cage. She looked the animal squarely in the eye. Changed meaning Soft eyes looked love to eyes that looked again. By assuming a factitive force, and connecting a modi- Factitive fying element with the object, a reflexive pronoun, or The word, a noun or equivalent, thus representing Direct object that which is immediately affected by the action ex pressed by the verb in the active voice, is called the In sentences like the last, where there is another direct object, the |