the quality of grandeur, of fweethefs, or of melancholy, though belonging to the thought folely, is transferred to the words, which by that means resemble in appearance the thought that is expreffed by them*. I have great reason to recommend thefe obfervations to the reader, confidering how inaccurately the present fubject is handled by critics: not one of them diftinguishes the natural resemblance of found and fignification, from the artificial refemblances now defcribed; witness Vida in particular, who in a very long paffage has given very few examples but what are of the latter kind †. That there may be a resemblance of articulate founds to fome that are not articulate, is felf-evident; and that in fact there exift fuch refemblances fuccessfully employ'd by writers of genius, is clear, from the foregoing examples, and from many others that might be given. But we may fafely pronounce, that this natural refemblance can be carried no farther: the objects of the different fenfes, differ fo widely from each other, as to exclude any resemblance; found in particular, whether articulate or inarticulate, resembles not in any degree tafte, fmell, nor motion; and as little can it refemble any internal fentiment, feeling, or emotion. But muft we then admit, that nothing but found can be i *See chap. 2. part 1. fect. 4. F 3 mitated mitated by found? Taking imitation in its proper fenfe, as importing a refemblance between two objects, the propofition must be admitted: and yet in many paffages that are not defcriptive of found, every one must be fenfible of a peculiar concord between the found of the words and their meaning. As there can be no doubt of the fact, what remains is to inquire into its caufe. Refembling caufes may produce effects that have no refemblance; and caufes that have no refemblance may produce resembling effects. A magnificent building, for example, resembles not in any degree an heroic action; and yet the emotions they produce, are concordant, and bear a refemblance to each other. We are still more fenfible of this resemblance in a fong, when the mufic is properly adapted to the fentiment: there is no resemblance between thought and found; but there is the ftrongeft refemblance between the emotion raifed by mufic tender and pathetic, and that raised by the complaint of an unfuccefsful lover. When we apply this obfervation to the prefent fubject, it will appear, that in fome inftances, the found even of a single word makes an impreffion resembling that which is made by the thing it fignifies; witnefs the word running, compofed of two fhort fyllables; and more remarkably the words rapidity, impetuofity, precipitation. Brutal manners produce in the fpectator an emotion, not unlike what is produced by a harsh and rough found; and hence the beauty of of the figurative expreffion, rugged manners. Again, the word little, being pronounced with a very small aperture of the mouth, has a weak and faint found, which makes an impreffion refembling that made by any diminutive object. This resemblance of effects is ftill more remarkable where a number of words are connected together in a period: words pronounced in fucceffion make often a strong impreffion; and when this impreffion happens to accord with that made by the fenfe, we are fenfible of a complex emotion, peculiarly pleafant; one proceeding from the fentiment, and one from the melody or found of the words. But the chief pleasure proceeds from having these two concordant emotions combined in perfect harmony, and carried on in the mind to a full close *. Except in the fingle cafe where found is defcribed, all the examples given by critics of enfe being imitated in found, refolve into a resemblance of effects: emotions raifed by found and fignification may have a refemblance; but found itself cannot have a refemblance to any thing but found. Proceeding now to particulars, and beginning with thofe cafes where the emotions have the strongest resemblance, I obferve, firft, That in. pronouncing a number of fyllables in fucceffion, an emotion is fometimes raifed, extremely fimilar to that raised by fucceffive motion; which may See chap. 2. part 4. In be evident even to those who are defective in taste, from the following fact, that the term movement in all languages is equally apply'd to both. this manner, fucceffive motion, such as walking, running, galloping, can be imitated by a fucceffion of long or fhort fyllables, or by a due mixture of both: for example, flow motion may be justly imitated in a verfe where long fyllables prevail; especially when aided by a flow pronunciation : Illi inter fefe magnâ vi brachia tollunt. Georg. iv. 174. On the other hand, fwift motion is imitated by a fucceffion of fhort fyllables: Quadrupedante putrem fonitu quatit ungula campum, Again: Radit iter liquidum, celeres neque commovet alas. Thirdly, A line compofed of monofyllables, makes an impreffion, by the frequency of its paufes, fimilar to what is made by laborious interrupted motion: With many a weary step, and many a groan, Odyssey, xi. 736, First march the heavy mules fecurely flow; O'er hills, o'er dales, o'er craggs, o'er rocks they go. Iliad, xxiii. 138. Fourthly, The impreffion made by rough founds in fucceffion, resembles that made by rough or tumultuous motion: on the other hand, the impreffion of smooth founds refembles that of gentle motion. The following is an example of both. Two craggy rocks projecting to the main, Another example of the latter; Odyssey, iii. 118, Soft is the strain when Zephyr gently blows, Ellay on Crit. 366. Fifthly, Prolonged motion is expreffed in an Alexandrine line. The firft example fhall be of flow motion prolonged ; A needless Alexandrine ends the song; That, like a wounded fnake, drags its flow length along. Effay on Crit. 356. The next example is of forcible motion prolong ed: The |