SHERIFF. which enacted that in future the sheriffs should be assigned by the chancellor, treasurer, and judges. Ever since that statute, the custom has been, and now is, for all the judges of the common law courts, with the Lord Chancellor, and Chancellor of the Exchequer, to meet in the Court of Exchequer at Westminster on the morrow of All Souls, and then and there propose three persons for each county to the crown. This is called the pricking of the sheriffs, and the crown afterwards selects one of the three nominated, and appoints him to the office. A sheriff continues in office for one year only, and cannot be compelled to serve a second time. The office is not only gratuitous, but compulsory, for if the person appointed refuses, he is liable to indictment. In practice, country gentlemen of wealth are appointed. In the city of London, the sheriffs are appointed not by the crown, but by the citizens. The sheriff has important official duties in elections of members of parliament. He is, by his office, the first man in the county, and superior to any nobleman while he holds office. He has the duty of summoning the posse comitatus-i. e., all the people of the county-to assist him in the keeping of the Queen's peace; and if any person above the age of fifteen, and under the degree of a peer, refuse to attend the sheriff after due warning, he incurs a fine or imprisonment. The chief legal duty which the sheriff discharges is that of executing, i. e., carrying out all the judgments and orders of the courts of law. It is he who seizes the goods of debtors or their persons, and puts them in prison. For this purpose, he has a number of persons called bound-bailiffs (or, in popular dialect, bumbailiffs), who in practice do this invidious work, and give a bond to the sheriff to protect him against any mistake or irregularity on their part. The necessity of this bond is obvious, for the doctrine of law is, that the sheriff is personally responsible for every mistake or excess made or committed by the bailiffs in executing the writs or process of the court, and frequent actions are brought against him by indignant prisoners, or debtors whose persons or goods have been arrested; and the courts watch jealously the least infringement of personal rights caused by these bailiffs. Every sheriff has also an under-sheriff and deputy-sheriff, the latter being generally an attorney, who takes charge of the legal business. One of the ornamental duties of the high-sheriff is to receive and escort the judges when holding the assizes in the provinces. SHERIFF, in Scotland, is a title given to three county officials. The lord lieutenant is sheriffprincipal,' and as such, though he performs no duties, takes precedence of all others in the county. The sheriff-depute' discharged all the duties of the office until quite recently, when the greater part of them has been practically devolved on the sheriffsubstitute.' In Scotland, the office of sheriff is still that of a local judge, and not merely ministerial, as in England. The institution of the office is very ancient, and the jurisdiction, both civil and criminal, was, and still is, very extensive. By the statute 20 George II. c. 43, the office was put on a better footing. The principal, or high sheriff, was debarred from performing any judicial duty, and it was enacted that none should be appointed to be a sheriff-depute but an advocate of at least three years' standing. The sheriff-depute is disqualified from acting as advocate in any cause originating in his county, though in other respects he is at full liberty to practise. He holds his office for life or good behaviour, and he may be removed for misconduct on a complaint presented to the Court of Session by the Lord Advocate, or four freeholders of the county. The same statute gave each sheriff-depute power to appoint a sheriff-substitute, who must be an advocate, or a solicitor, of three years' standing. The sheriff-substitute was at first appointed during the pleasure of the sheriff-depute, but he now holds office ad vitam aut culpam, and being bound to reside within his county or district, and prohibited from taking other employment, while the sheriff-depute is now bound to attend the sittings of the Court of Session in Edinburgh, he, in practice, exercises the original jurisdiction attaching to the office. The civil jurisdiction of the sheriff extends to all personal actions on contract or obligations without limit, actions for rent, forthcomings, poindings of the ground, and possessory actions; and in these cases there is an appeal from the decision of the sheriff-substitute to that of the sheriff-depute. He has also a summary jurisdiction in small-debt cases where the amount in question is not above £12; and these cases are deter mined without the usual pleadings. The sheriff does not try civil causes with a jury. In criminal cases, the sheriff has jurisdiction in all the minor offences which do not infer death or banishment. He has also jurisdiction in cases of bankruptcy and insolvency to any amount. In small-debt actions, criminal and bankruptcy matters, there is no appeal from the sheriff-substitute to the sheriff-depute. The sheriff is responsible for maintaining the public peace, and when he is present his jurisdiction excludes that of the justices of the peace in riots and breaches of the peace. He has charge also of taking the precognitions in criminal cases. He revises the lists of electors, and returns the writs for the election of members of parliament; and this last is almost the only duty which he performs in common with the English sheriff. An idea of the multifarious duties performed by the Scotch sheriff, may be gathered from the statement that be exercises, within a comparatively small district, the functions which in England are exercised by the commissioners in bankruptcy, county-court judges, the stipendiary magistrates, recorders, revising barristers, and coroners. He has also duties as Commissary (q. v.). The office of sheriff is one of the few which may be traced back to the Saxon times, and it appears originally to have been the same both in England and Scotland. The sheriff was at first elected by the freeholders to be the chief man of the shire, and seems to have possessed unlimited jurisdiction to keep the peace; to have presided in all the courts; to have punished all crimes, and have redressed all civil wrongs. This extensive jurisdiction has been gradually infringed upon, partly by the exercise of the royal prerogative, and partly by parliament. But in England it suffered more from the appointment to the office of men unfit to exercise judicial powers, and from the consequent usurpation of their functions by the supreme courts. The same causes operated in Scotland, though to a less extent. In England they resulted in the almost entire abolition of the judicial functions of the sheriff. In Scotland, they resulted in his being deprived of the more important parts of the criminal jurisdiction, particularly of the power to punish by death; and in his civil jurisdiction being limited mainly to questions affecting movables. In both countries, feudal principles prevailed so much over the old Saxon, that the office frequently came to be hereditary, which tended to a separation of the duties of the office into the honorary and the laborious-the former being performed by the prin cipal sheriff, and the latter by the deputy. In Scotland, this separation was completed by the act of Geo. II., which entirely separated the offices, by the transference of the power of appointing the SHERIFF-CLERK-SHETLAND. depute from the principal sheriff to the crown. In Alberoni;' his eloquence and learning were likewise England, this complete separation has never become of a very superior order, as may still be ascertained necessary, from the fact of the sheriff's power from his 4 vols. of Sermons (1755-1776), which having been much more crippled than in Scotland. were highly praised in their day. Besides these Indeed, in England, so purely honorary and minis- sermons, he wrote a variety of controversial treaterial has the office become, that it has been held tises and pamphlets, all of which are now wholly by a female, and in Westmoreland, the office was forgotten. hereditary down to 1849. The duty of enforcing the orders of the supreme courts, which now in England are a principal part of the duties of the sheriff, appears to have been engrafted on the office -probably on the theory that these orders were those of the king himself. In Scotland, the sheriff has never been called on to enforce any writs except those actually and not merely in name proceeding at the instance of the crown. SHERIFF-CLERK, in Scotland, is the registrar of the sheriff's court, and as such has charge of the records of the court. He registers, and, when required by the proper party, issues the sheriff's judgments. He also conducts what correspondence may be required. He has important duties to perform in regulating the summary execution which is issued in Scotland against the debtors in bills of exchange, promissory notes, and bonds, without the necessity of any judicial suit. SHERIFF-MUIR, a name given to several moors in Scotland on account of the wapinschaws' which used to be there held, under the superintendence of the sheriff. The only moor of this name which appears prominently in Scottish history is situated in Perthshire, on the northern slope of the Ochils, two miles north-east of Dunblane, and was the site of the great battle between the adherents of the Houses of Stewart and Hanover, 13th November 1715. The former, who consisted of the northern clans under the Earl of Seaforth, and the western clans under General Gordon, numbering about 9000 in all, were on their march southwards, under the leadership of the Earl of Mar, to join the Jacobites who had risen in the north-west of England, when they were met by the Duke of Argyle at the head of 3500 disciplined troops. After lying under arms all night, the Macdonalds, who formed the centre and right of the Highland army, attacked the left of their opponents, and routed it so completely that the fugitives fled with all speed to Stirling, carrying the news that Argyle had been totally defeated. Argyle, however, with his dragoons had meantime driven the left of the Highlanders back for two miles, when the right and centre returned from the pursuit, and took him in rear; he then skilfully withdrew his men to a place of shelter, and remained facing his opponents till the evening, when he retired to Dunblane, and next day to Stirling. About 500 were slain on each side. As a mere battle, the victory lay with the Highlanders; but it was so little decisive, that it paralysed the action of the Jacobites almost as effectually as a defeat would have done. SHERLOCK, THOMAS, D.D., an English prelate, was the son of Dr William Sherlock, Dean of St Paul's, and was born in London in 1678. He was educated at Eton and Catharine Hall, Cambridge, where he took the degree of M. A. in 1701. In 1704, he obtained the Mastership of the Temple; in 1714, he became vice-chancellor of his college, taking the degree of D.D. in the same year; and in 1716, Dean of Chichester. Eleven years later, he was raised to the see of Bangor, was transferred to that of Salisbury in 1734, and in 1748 to that of London. He died in 1761. S. was a strenuous Tory, and supported the Church-and-State politics of his day with a sort of dull dignity. He displayed a good deal of diplomatic skill in his different official positions, whence Bentley nicknamed him 'Cardinal SHERMAN, WILLIAM TECUMSEH, an American general, born in Ohio in 1818, was educated for the army at the military academy of West Point, and received a commission as 1st lieutenant in 1841. During the war with Mexico, he served in California, and was promoted to the rank of captain. In 1860, at the secession of the Southern States, he was residing at New Orleans in a civil capacity, but went north, and at the commencement of the war offered his services to the Federal government, was appointed colonel of infantry, and was in the battle of Bull Run. Raised to the rank of brigadiergeneral, he succeeded General Anderson in the department of Ohio, from which he was removed for declaring that it would require 200,000 men to hold Kentucky. He distinguished himself at the battle of Shiloh, and as major-general in the siego of Vicksburg. Raised to an independent command, he marched across the state of Mississippi, and after the defeat of General Rosencranz, took command of the army in Georgia, forced General Hood to evacuate Atlanta, and then marched across the entire state, capturing Savannah and Charleston; from which point he moved north, capturing the most important Confederate positions, and by cutting off the resources of General Lee, compelled the evacuation of Richmond, and the surrender of General Lee to General Grant, April 9, 1865. The surrender of the army of General Johnstone to General S. in North Carolina a few days later, and that of General Kirby Smith, west of the Mississippi, closed the war. No northern general, not even Grant himself, has acquired greater fame or and Stonewall Jackson the admiration of impartial He divides with Lee popularity than Sherman. foreigners. The supreme abilities of Grant have perhaps as yet not received a sufficiently generdone to the daring originality of design, the fertility ous recognition abroad; but S. has had ample justice of resource, brilliant strategy, and untiring energy, that made Grant pronounce him the best fieldofficer the war had produced.' SHERRY. See WINE. SHE'RWOOD FOREST, a stretch of hilly country in the west of Nottinghamshire, lying between Nottingham and Worksop, and extending about 25 miles from north to south, and 6 to 8 miles from east to west. It was formerly a royal forest, and the traditional scene of many of the exploits of the famous Robin Hood and his followers; but it is now almost wholly disafforested, and is occupied by gentlemen's seats and fine parks. The town of Mansfield and a number of villages are situated within the ancient bounds. Numerous remains of the old forest are still to be seen. The soil, which is principally a species of quartzose gravel, is in some places fertile, in others almost barren, and on the whole but of moderate quality. SHETLAND, ZETLAND, or anciently HIALTLAND, is a group of about 100 islands, 23 of which are inhabited. The extreme north point-Hermaness in Unst-is in lat. 60° 50′ N., and long. 0° 53' W. The southmost point of the group is on the Mainland, and is in lat. 59° 51 N., and long. 1° 15′ W. Fair Isle, however, is still further south, lying about midway between Orkney and S., to the last of which it belongs. The population of S. in 1861 was 31,670, females exceeding males by 5564. There SHIBBOLETH-SHIEL. to the size of the occupant's farm. Many peculiar were in S. at the same date 6327 families, 1555 on certain districts, going from house to house, and children at school, and no less than 5517 inhabited staying a longer or shorter period in each, according houses. In 1801, the pop. was 22,379, shewing an increase of 9209 during the last half century. Illegitimate births are rare. Lerwick may be said to be the only town in S.-Scalloway being the place next it in size and importance. As the centre of trade for S., Lerwick is in all respects well situated. It is the seat of the custom-house, courts of law, and other public offices, and has about 70 shops. It has a fine natural harbour, where the weekly steamer from Granton lies at anchor for a couple of days. Passengers, the mails, and a large portion of the exports and imports, arrive and leave by this steamer. The pop. of Lerwick is 3580, having more than doubled itself during the last 50 years. Fort Charlotte, now used as a prison, court-house, &c., is situated at the north end of the town-to the pretty and picturesque appearance of which it greatly contributes. Lerwick has no hotel, and only two licensed public-houses; there are, however, several lodging-houses. The chief articles of import are oatmeal, flour, tea, tobacco, spirits, sugar, cotton and woollen manufactured goods, timber, tar, salt, &c. The value of the meal and flour imported varies with the state of the S. harvest, but is believed to range from £15,000 to £20,000 annually the grain raised in the country being always far short of the requirements of the population. Tea is largely consumed by all classes. No wood grows in the country, and the supplies of timber are drawn chiefly from Norway. This is almost the only foreign product which comes direct. Other articles liable to duty pass through the custom-houses at Leith and Aberdeen. In 1863, the number of vessels with cargoes arriving from ports in Great Britain was 149, having a register tonnage of 21,500, and from foreign ports 8, with a tonnage of 600. The principal articles of export are dried salt-fish, herrings, fish-oil, cattle, horses, eggs, and woollen articles knitted by hand. The last are remarkable for their beauty and fineness of workmanship. The steamer has taken away as many as 54,000 eggs at one time, and in 1862 it carried away 2093 cattle and 589 horses. About 3000 tons of dried salted fish are sent away annually, about one-half of them to Spain. The export of herrings varies from 4000 to 10,000 barrels. Chromate of iron is found in Unst, and has long been and still is an important article of exportation. Iron pyrites was at one time exported from Fitful, when the price of sulphur was high; and copper ores have been quarried and sent south from Sandlodge. The total exports exceed in value £100,000 annually. Fishing is the chief employment of the male population, but each fisherman has usually a small farm, paying a yearly rent of £4 to £5-the labour on which is mostly performed by the female portion of his family. Spade-cultivation is almost universal among the small tenants, but the one-stilted plough may still be seen at work. Nearly every house has a quern or hand-mill, and every township has one or more of the old Norse water-mills. The spinning. wheel is common, but in some parts has not quite supplanted the spindle. Carts are very rare, and in many districts unknown. The sheep and ponies, which run at large on the Scaltald or Common, are marked, and the mark of each tenant is registered. Men and women still wear the rivlin, a kind of sandal, made of untanned leather. In some places, the land is still held runrig, and the tenants of a few islands on the west still hold their stock as steel-bow. Till a very late period, the Norse poorlaw was in full operation-the poor being quartered Cairns, covering both the long and short stone coffins, with skeletons, clay urns, and weapons, and vessels of stone in them, have been found in Unst and elsewhere. Tumuli, consisting of burned stones and earth, are frequent, and in turning them over, the remains of rude buildings are found, and stone implements of various forms. Burghs or 'broughs' circular strongholds of unhewn stone-are extremely numerous generally on a cliff or headland, but not rarely on artificial islands in freshwater lochs. The most perfect 'brough' in existence anywhere is in the island of Mousa. Underground houses have been found in Sandsting of a very rude type, and associated with them, there occurs the rudest form of stone implement which has hitherto been discovered. A stone of the Christian period, with an Ogham inscription, was found in Bressay. No Runic inscriptions are known to exist in the islands; monoliths are somewhat frequent. Stone circles are rare, and in no case of great size. SHI'BBOLETH (Heb. ear of corn, or stream), the test-word used by the Gileadites, under SHIEL, LOCH, in the west of Scotland, forms part of the boundary between the counties of Argyle and Inverness, separating the district of Moidart on SHIELD-SHIELDS. the north from those of Sunart and Ardgower on the south. The head of the loch is about 16 miles west of Fort-William. It is 15 miles long, and about one mile broad, and communicates with the sea by Shiel Water and Loch Moidart. SHIELD, a piece of defensive armour, borne on the left arm, to ward off the strokes of the sword and of missiles. It has been constantly used from ancient times through the middle ages, till the invention of firearms rendered it useless. The large shield worn by the Greeks and Romans (Gr. aspis, Lat. clipeus) was circular, and often ornamented with devices. Another form of shield (Lat. scutum) was used by the Roman heavy-armed infantry, square, but bent to encircle the body. The early shield or knightly escutcheon of the middle ages was circular in outline, and convex, with a boss in the centre; the body generally of wood, and the rim of metal (No. 1). In the 11th c., a form came into use which has been compared to a boy's kite (No. 2), and is said, with some probability, to have been brought by the Normans from Sicily. It was on the shields of this shape that armorial designs were first represented. These shields were in reality curved like the Roman scutum; but after heraldry began to be systematised, we generally find them represented on seals, monuments, &c., as flattened, in order to let the whole armorial design be seen. In the 13th c., this long and tapering form began to give place to a pear-shape (No. 3), and a triangular or heater shape (No. 4). During the 14th c., these new forms became more generally prevalent, and the heater-shape, which was perhaps most frequently represented on armorial seals, began to approach more to an inverted equilateral arch. The same variety of forms, with some modifications, continued during the 15th c., a tendency appearing in all representations of the heater-shaped shield to give it more breadth below. A notch was often taken out in the dexter chief for the reception of the lance, in which case the shield was said to be à bouche (No. 5). Subsequent to the middle of denoted a knight-banneret. Shields of arms were often represented as suspended from the guige, or shield-belt, which was worn by the knights to sustain the shield, and secure it to their persons. After the introduction of firearms made shields no longer a part of the warrior's actual equipment, the form of the shields on which armorial bearings were depicted, on seals, monuments, brasses, &c., varied greatly in form, and generally speaking, became gradually more tasteless, fanciful, and unmeaning (Nos. 7, 8, 9). A tendency has, however, been shewn in recent heraldry to recur to the artistic forms prevalent in the 14th and 15th centuries. In early times, shields of the form which generally prevailed at the period, were exhibited on the seals and monuments of ladies; but about the 15th c., the practice began, which afterwards became usual, of unmarried ladies and widows (the sovereign excepted) bearing their arms on a lozenge instead of a shield. The heraldic insignia of towns, corporations, &c., as well as individuals, are placed on shields. The bearing of Merchants' Marks (q. v.) in a shield was prohibited by the heralds of the 16th c. under severe penalties, and yet not a few instances are to be found on monumental brasses of these devices being placed on shields. It berland, on the north bank of the Tyne, and at the SHIELDS, SOUTH, a custom-house port, munici pal and parliamentary borough, and market-town of Durham, on the south bank of the Tyne, and at the mouth of that river, 9 miles east-north-east of Newcastle by river and railway. The town stretches for two miles along the side of Shields' harbour, which is lined with numerous dockyards and manufactories. The Tyne Dock, containing 50 acres of water space, in which upwards of a million tons of coals are annually shipped, and a large import trade is carried on, is within the borough. The marketplace is a spacious square in the centre of the town, near which is the large church of St Hilda. The town, with North Shields, is the principal port in the 14th c., when the shield came to be depicted as the kingdom for the building of tug-steamers. surmounted by the helmet and crest, the shield is There are large alkali and glass-works, and every often represented couché, that is, pendent from the kind of manufacture connected with shipping. Å corner (No. 6), an arrangement said to have origin- steam-ferry for passengers and carriages plies ated in the practice of competitors hanging up their day and night between the two towns. Extensive shields prior to a tournament, where, according to piers, which are to extend to a depth of 30 feet at De la Colombière, if they were to fight on horse-low-water into the sea, are more than half completed. back, they suspended it by the sinister chief, and if Shields' bar has recently been removed by dredging, on foot, by the dexter chief. A square shield in order, with the piers, to form a harbour of refuge. Shields, their own. SHIITES-SHIP-BUILDING. SHIN, LOCH, in the south of Sutherlandshire, is 18 miles long, and about one mile broad. The Shin Water, a famous trout-stream, carries the waters of the loch into Oikell Water. Loch S. abounds in common trout and salmon. The sea-coast, in the neighbourhood, is interesting of Roman institutions, was adopted by the Franks from the rocks and caves. The life-boat is a and other Germanic nations. See PENNY, SOLIDUS, South S. invention. South S. sends one member to Others give more fanciful derivations, as from parliament. Pop. (1861), 35,239. (1871-44,722.) schellen, to ring, on account of the particularly clear SHI'ITES (sectaries,' from the Arab. Shiah, ring of the coin, and from St Kilian, whose effigy was Shiat, a party, a faction), the name given to a stamped on the shillings of Würzburg. The solidusMohammedan sect by the Sunnites' (q. v.), or shilling of the middle ages has suffered various deorthodox Moslems. The S. call themselves fol- grees of diminution in the different countries. Thus, lowers of Ali,' and have special observances, cerethe English silver shilling is th of a pound sterling; monies and rites, as well as particular dogmas of the Danish copper one is th of a ryks-daler, and The principal difference between the d. sterling; and the Swedish shilling is th of a two consists in the belief of the S. that the Imamat, ryks-daler, d. sterling. In Mecklenburg, Slesvig-| or supreme rule, both spiritual and secular, over all Holstein, Hamburg, and Lübeck, the shilling is used Mohammedans, was originally vested in Ali Ibn as a fractional money of account (the th of a Abi Taleb, and has been inherited by his descend- mark, th of a thaler), and as small silver change ants, to whom it legitimately now belongs. The (each coin being a shade less in value than id. Persians are S.; the Turks, on the other hand, sterling). The French sou is another representative are Sunnites; and this division between the two of the solidus. See POUND, MINT. nations dates chiefly from the califate of Mothi Lilla, the Abasside, in 363 H., when political dissensions, which ended in the destruction of Bagdad and the loss of the califate of the Moslems, assumed the character of a religious war. The S. themselves never assume that (derogatory) name, but call themselves Al-Adeliat, 'Sect of the Just Ones.' They are subdivided again into five sects, to one of which, that of Haidar, the Persians belong: the present dynasty of Persia deriving its descent from Haidar, a descendant of Ali. Ali himself is, by some of them, endowed with more than human attributes.-The S. believe in metempsychosis and the descent of God upon His creatures, inasmuch as He, omnipresent, sometimes appears in some individual person, such as their Imams. Their five subdivisions they liken unto five trees, with seventy branches; for their minor divisions of opinions, on matters of comparatively unimportant points of dogma, are endless. Yet, in this they all agree, that they consider the califs Abu Bekr, Omar, and Othman, who are regarded with the highest reverence by the orthodox Sunnites, as unrighteous pretenders, and usurpers of the sovereign power, which properly ought to have gone to Ali direct from the Prophet. For the same reason, they abominate the memory of SHIP-BUILDING. See NAVIGATION; NAVIES, the Ommayad califs, who executed Husain, a son of Ali, and they still mourn his death at its anniversary. ANCIENT AND MODERN; and NAVY, BRITISH. From They likewise reject the Abasside califs, notwith-crossing a river or lake on a floating log, or on two standing their descent from Mohammed, because they did not belong to Ali's line. SHINGLES, flat pieces of wood used in roofing! like slates or tiles. Such roofs are much used in newly-settled countries where timber is plentiful. The wood is chosen from among the kinds which split readily and straightly, and is usually some kind of fir. It is cut into blocks, the longitudinal faces of which are of the size intended for the shingles, which are then regularly split off in thicknesses of about a quarter of an inch. SHIP (Ger. Schiff = skiff; from the root skap- or skaph-, to scoop, dig; Gr. skaphe, a trough, a boat) is a term applied with great vagueness to all large vessels; while under shipping would be included vessels of all sizes, excepting boats without decks to vessels carrying three masts, with a royal-mast Among seamen, the expression is said to be limited surmounting each; but the development of steamnavigation, in which the largest vessels have sometimes only a schooner rig, must have gone far towards obliterating this distinction. or more logs fastened together raft-wise, the first steps towards ship-building were probably Canoes SHIKARPUR, the most important trading-town, (q. v.), and Coracles (q. v.). The earliest Egyptian drawings shew boats constructed of sawn planks, and probably the most populous town, in Sinde, and having sails as well as numerous oars. So far stands about 20 miles west of the Indus, half way as can be learned from ancient sculptures, the between Multan and Kûrrachi. The district in which it stands is so low and level, that, by means isation appear to have been open, at least in the galleys of the Mediterranean at the dawn of civilof canals, which are supplied from the Indus, it is middle portion; to have been built with keel, flooded every season. Its climate, notwithstanding, ribs, and planking, and to have been strengthis said to be not unhealthy. The inundated quarters ened cross-wise by the numerous benches on are extremely fertile and produce great crops. which the rowers sat. Ships continued, however, Groves, orchards, and fruit-gardens surround the to be generally of small draught, for they were town; sugar-cane is largely grown. S. is situated on beached every winter; and Cæsar mentions, as a one of the great routes by the Bolan Pass from Sinde noteworthy circumstance, that some of the long to Afghanistan, and the transit-trade to that country ships with which he invaded Britain could only and to Khorassan is important. The bankers and approach the shore to such a point that the soldiers financiers of S. are known and trusted from Astra-in disembarking were breast-high in the water. The khan to Calcutta. S. is the chief town of the state of the same name, which has an area of 13,679 sq. m., and 693,259 inhabitants. Pop. of the town estimated at 30,000, 20,000 of whom are Hindus, and the rest Mohammedans. SHI'LKA. See AMOOR. SHILLING, the name of a money in use throughout many European states, partly as a coin, and partly as a money of account. In all probability, the name, as well as the thing itself, is derived from the Roman solidus, which, with other remains Romans built their vessels of pine, cedar, and other light woods; but their ships of war were of oak at the bows, clamped strongly with iron or brass, for use as rams-a custom now curiously revived after 2000 years of disuse. According to Caesar, the Veneti first built entirely of oak. The speedy oxidation of iron bolts and fastenings led to their supersession by copper and brass about the time of Nero. Before this time, the planks had been calked with flax, and the seams had been pitched. There is evidence to shew that in Trajan's reign |