RENAISSANCE. dignify the real uses of the features of the buildings. The palace of the Tuileries shews well all the above defects. From this debased and meaningless Fig. 2.-Central Pavilion of the Tuileries, As designed by De Lorme (from Mariette). style, architecture gradually recovered, and during the 18th c., a style more becoming the dignity and importance of the Grand Monarque was introduced. The classic element now began to prevail, to the entire exclusion of all trace of the old Gothic forms. Many very large palaces are built in this style; but, although grand from their size, and striking from their richness and luxuriance, they are frequently tame and uninteresting as works of art. The palace of Versailles (q. v.) is the most prominent example. The two Mansards, one of whom designed Versailles, had great opportunities during this extravagant epoch. Their invention of giving a row of separate houses the appearance of one palace, which has ever since saved architects a world of trouble, was one of the most fatal blows which true street-architecture could have received. The east front of the Louvre, designed by Perrault, is one of the best examples of the style of the age. Many elegant private hôtels and houses in Paris were erected at this period. The most striking peculiarity of the style of Louis XIV. is the ornament then used, called Rococo (q. v.). The classic Renaissance was completed in the beginning of the present century by the literal copyism of ancient buildings. Hitherto, architects had attempted to apply classic architecture to the requirements of modern times; now they tried to make modern wants conform to ancient architecture. In the Madeleine, for instance, a pure peripteral temple is taken as the object to be reproduced, and the architect has then to see how he can arrange a Christian church inside it! Many buildings erected during the time of the Empire are no doubt very impressive, with noble porticoes and broad blank walls; but they are in many respects mere shams; attempts to make the religious buildings of the Greeks and Romans serve for the conveniences and requirements of the 19th century. This has been found an impossibility-people have rebelled against houses where the window-light had to be sacrificed to the reproduction of an ancient portico, and in which the height of the stories, the arrangement of the doors, windows, and, in fact, all the features were cramped, and many destroyed. The result has been that this cold and servile copyism is now entirely abandoned, and the French are working out a free kind of Renaissance of their own, which promises well for the future; and is, at the present moment, as the streets of Paris testify, the liveliest and most appropriate style in use for modern streetarchitecture. In Spain, the Renaissance style took early root, and from the richness of that country at the time, many fine buildings were erected; but it soon yielded to the cold and heavy Greco-Romano' style, and that was followed by extravagances of style and ornament more absurd than any of the reign of Louis XIV. The later Renaissance of Spain was much influenced by the remnants of Saracenic art which everywhere abound in that country. In England, as in the other countries of Europe, classic art accompanied the classic literature of the period; but, being at a distance from the fountainhead, it was long before the native Gothic style gave place to the classic Renaissance. It was more than a century after the foundation of St Peter's that Henry VIII. brought over two foreign artists -John of Padua and Havenius of Cleves-to introduce the new style. Of their works, we have many early examples at Cambridge and Oxford, in the latter half of the 16th century. Longleat, Holmby, Wallaton, and many other county mansions, built towards the end of the 16th c., are fine examples of how the new style was gradually introduced. The course of the Renaissance in England was similar to its progress in France; it was even slower. Little classical feeling prevailed till about 1620. The general expression of all the buildings before that date is almost entirely Gothic, although an attempt is made to introduce classical details. The pointed gables, mullioned windows, oriels and dormers, and the picturesque outlines of the old style, are all retained long after the introduction of quasi-classic profiles to the mouldings. This style, which prevailed during the latter half of the 16th c., is called Elizabethan, and corresponds to the somewhat earlier style in France of the time of Francis I. This was followed in the reign of James I. by a similar but more extravagant style called Jacobean, of which Heriot's Hospital is a good example; the fantastic ornaments, broken entablatures, &c., over the windows, being characteristic of this style, as they were of that of Henry IV. in France. The first architect who introduced real Italian feeling into the Renaissance of England was Inigo Jones. After studying abroad, he was appointed superintendent of royal buildings under James I., for whom he designed a magnificent palace at Whitehall. Of this, only one small portion was executed (1619-1621), and still exists under the name of the Banqueting House, and is a good example of the Italian style. Jones also erected several elegant RENAISSANCE. mansions in this style, which then became more generally adopted. In the latter half of the 17th c., a splendid opportunity occurred for the adoption of the Renaissance style after the great fire of London. Sir Christopher Wren rebuilt an immense number of churches in that style, of which St Paul's (q. v.) was the most important. The spire of Bow Church and the interior of St Stephen's, Wallbrook, are also much admired. During the 18th c., classic feeling predominated, and gradually extended to all classes of buildings. In the early part of the century, Vanbrugh built the grand but ponderous palaces of Blenheim and Fig. 3.-Park Front of Castle Howard. important public buildings were now required to be absolute copies of ancient buildings, or parts of them, or to look like such, and then the architect had to work out the accommodation as best he might. St Pancras' Church in London is a good example. It is made up of portions from nearly every temple in Greece! Many really successful buildings, such as St George's Hall, Liverpool, the High School and Royal Institution in Edinburgh, have been erected in this style; but they owe their effect not to their being designs well adapted to their requirements, but to the fact, that they are copies from the finest buildings of antiquity. Sir Charles Barry was the first to break away from this thraldom, and to return to the true system of designing buildings-those, namely, which have their general features arranged so as not only to express the purposes they are intended to serve, but in so doing to form the decorative as well as the useful features of the buildings. The Travellers' Club-house and Bridgewater House in London are admirable specimens of his design. There are no superfluous porticoes or obstructive pediments, but a pleasing and reasonable design is produced by simply grouping the windows, and crowning the building with an appropriate cornice. As already noticed, a similar style of domestic architecture is now being worked out in France; but Castle Howard, which have a character and origin- | both there and in this country there has been a ality of their own. To these succeeded a vast number of noblemen's mansions, designed by Campbell, Kent, the Adamses, and others. Many of these, like the contemporaneous buildings of France, are of great size and magnificence; but they are usually tame and cold in design, and a sameness pervades them all. They generally consist of a rustic basement-story, with a portico over the centre, and an equal number of windows on either aide. The portico is considered essential, and although perfectly useless, the light and convenience of the house are invariably sacrificed for it. The further study of the buildings of Greece and Fig. 4. Part of Park Front of Bridgewater House. Rome led, in the beginning of the present century, to the fashion of reproducing them more literally. All reaction against everything classic, and a revival of medieval architecture has superseded that of classic, especially in ecclesiastical buildings. A very large number of churches has been erected within the last 20 years in the Gothic style, but it cannot be said that these are usually well adapted to the modern Protestant service. The most magnificent example of this style is the Palace or Houses of Parliament at Westminster. In Germany, Russia, and every country of Europe, the Renaissance prevailed in a manner similar to that above described. In Germany, there are few specimens of early Renaissance, the picturesque castle of Heidelberg being almost unique as an early example. The Zwirner and Japanese palaces at Dresden, which are nearly alone as edifices of the beginning of the 18th c., shew how poor the architecture of Germany then was. In the domestic buildings of Nuremberg, Dresden, and other towns of the north of Germany, there are many instances of the picturesque application of classic detail to the old Gothic outlines. One of the most striking examples of the revival of classic art occurred in Bavaria during the first half of the present century, under the auspices of King Louis. He caused all the buildings he had seen and admired in his travels to be reproduced in Bavaria. Thus, the royal palace is the Pitti Palace of Florence on a small scale; St Mark's at Venice is imitated in the Byzantine Chapel-royal; and the Walhalla, on the banks of the Danube, is an exact copy (externally) of the Parthenon. The finest buildings of Munich are the Picture-gallery and Sculpture-gallery by Klenze, both well adapted to their purpose, and good adaptations of Italian and Grecian architecture. In Vienna and Berlin, there are many examples of the revived Classic and Gothic styles, but the Germans have always understood the former better than the latter. The museums at Berlin, and many of the theatres of Germany, are good examples of RENAIX-RENÉ. classic buildings.-The domestic architecture of contributions to the Revue des Deux Mondes and the Berlin is well worthy of notice, many of the dwell-Journal des Débats, bear ample witness. In 1850, he ing-houses being quite equal in design to those of published a historical essay, Sur Averroes et l'AverParis. Of the other countries of Europe, the only one which deserves remark for its Renaissance buildings is Russia. St Petersburg is, of all the cities of Europe, the one which best merits the title of a city of palaces. From the date at which the city was founded, these are necessarily all Renaissance in character. They are nearly all the works of German or Italian architects, and are unfortunately, for the most part, in the coldest and worst style. The ornaments of the palaces are chiefly pilasters running through two stories, with broken entablatures, &c., and ornaments of the flimsiest rococo. The New Museum, by Klenze, is, however, a marked exception. Along with architecture, during the period of the Renaissance, Painting and Sculpture (q. v.) and all the other arts took their models from the classic remains which were so carefully sought for and studied. All ornamental work, such as carving, jewellery, and metal-work of all kinds, followed in the same track. Medieval niches and pinnacles gave place to the columns and entablatures of the classic styles, and the saints of the middle ages yielded to the gods and goddesses of ancient Rome. RENAIX, a town of Belgium, in the province of East Flanders, picturesquely situated, 24 miles by railway south of Ghent. Brewing, tanning, distilling, and salt-refining are carried on; and fine linen and damasks, woollen fabrics, hats, and tobacco, are extensively manufactured. Pop. 14,000. roisme, for which he had collected materials on a scientific journey to Italy. In consequence of this he was appointed Employé at the Imperial Library in Paris. He further produced translations of Canticles and the Book of Job, with introductions and commentaries (Le Cantique des Cantiques, &c., 1860, et Le Livre de Job, &c., 1859). In 1860, he was sent by the Emperor on a tour of exploration to Syria and Phoenicia, the results of which, however (now in the course of publication), fall rather short of the general expectations. On his return, he was elected to the chair of Hebrew professorship at the Collége de France; but his inaugural lecture made him, through its too free handling of theological matters, so obnoxious to those in power, that his course was first suspended, and finally his professorship was taken from him. Of his most recent work, La Vie de Jésus, forming Part I. of his Origines du Christianisme, in the same way as his Histoire des Langues Sémitiques, is the first part only of a large work entitled Histoire Générale et Système comparé des Langues Sémitiques, it is hardly necessary to say more than that it has, temporarily, created the profoundest emotion throughout Europe, and, in fact, the whole civilised world. An abstract of it, in a more popular form, His various minor essays have been collected into has been published by him under the title Jésus. two volumes, respectively called Etudes d'Histoire Religieuse (1856) and Essais de Morale et de Critique (1859). in the duchy of Holstein, stands at the point of RE'NDSBURG, a strongly fortified town, junction of the river Eider and the Kiel Canal, 67 miles north-north-west of Altona by railway. R. is favourably situated for commerce, and carries on an active trade in timber. Pop. 11,782. RENAN, JOSEPH ERNEST, a renowned French theologian and orientalist, was born in 1823 at Tréguier (Côtes-du-Nord). His first education he received at the hands of the priests who directed the school of his native place. At sixteen years of age, he was sent to Paris, where he entered the seminary of Abbé Dupanloup, to prepare himself for RENÉ or RENATUS I., surnamed 'the Good,' the church. Three years later, he went to Issy, titular king of Naples and Sicily, the son of and having completed his philosophical studies Louis II., Duke of Anjou and Count of Provence, there, to St Sulpice. On leaving this, however, he was born in 1408 at Angers. R.'s paternal granddeclared himself unable to follow out the path father, Louis I., Duke of Anjou, and second son of traced for him. The theological and linguistical John the Good, king of France, had been adopted studies, to which he had devoted himself with rare in 1380 by Joanna I., queen of Naples, as her suc industry, had led him to results which did not seem cessor; and on his death, a few years afterwards, to allow him the exercise of priestly functions in his son, R.'s father, was crowned king of Naples his church. He took the place of répétiteur in a and Sicily. He, however, did not derive any subschool. and here prepared himself for an academi- stantial advantages from this recognition of his cal career. In 1847, his Memoir Sur les Langues presumed rights; and when, on his death and that Sémitiques (On the Semitic Languages') obtained of his eldest son, Louis II., R., as the next heir, the Volney Prize; and the following year, another endeavoured to make good his pretensions to Memoir of his, Sur l'Etude du Grec dans l'Occident au Moyen Age ('On the Study of Greek in the West during the Middle Ages') was crowned. In 1848, he began to publish a periodical, La Liberté de Penser (Liberty of Thought'), in which he embodied some of his most brilliant essays on theology, philosophy, philology, history, and the many variegated branches of his studies, which, however, were all merely preparatory to the great work for which he concentrated all his energies-viz., the investigation of the origin of Christianity, which, according to him, is as human and natural, and has grown out of the history and circumstances of the times, in precisely the same manner as any other event in the records of humanity. His Memoir, Sur les Langues Sémitiques, he expanded in 1855 into a Histoire Generale des Langues Sémitiques (General History of the Semitic Languages'), which, with all its shortcomings, is the most methodical and brilliant compilation on the subject. Of the variety of subjects to which he devoted his time besides, his numerous the great Neapolitan heritage, he found himself involved in disastrous disputes with numerous other aspirants to the coveted throne. R. had married Isabella of Lorraine, and through her was also a claimant of the rich territories of Lorraine, and consequently brought upon himself the enmity of his wife's brother-in-law, the Duke of Burgundy, who laid equal claim to the heritage of the ducal House of Lorraine. The best years of R.'s life were spent in the fruitless effort to establish these pretensions; but when, in 1442, his powerful rival, Alfonso of Aragon, took Naples, after a protracted siege, the struggle was virtually decided; and R., recognising at length the futility of his schemes, retired to his hereditary dominions in Provence, and thenceforth occupied himself with the administra tion of his territories, and with the cultivation of poetry and painting, in both of which he attained a degree of proficiency above the average of his age, as is shewn by the poems and illuminated illustrations by his hand still preserved in the Imperial RENEWAL-RENNEL. Library at Paris. In 1445, R. gave his beautiful daughter Margaret in marriage to Henry VI. of England, and at the same time obtained from his royal son-in-law the restitution of Anjou and Maine, which had remained in the hands of the English since the successful wars of Henry V. This did not, however, prevent R. from taking part in the wars of Charles VII. against the English in 1449; but after a brief stay with the army, R., wearied with the excitement and discomforts of war, retired to Aix in Provence, where for many years he attracted to his court the cultivators of song and romance, while he encouraged manufactures, and augmented the resources of the province by the introduction of improved methods of agriculture, and the importation of various useful trees and plants, and died in 1480, universally regretted by his subjects, among whom the memory of the good king René' was long held in great veneration. R.'s sons had died before him; and as with him the House of Anjou became extinct, its territorial dominions lapsed to the French crown, and have since that period formed an integral part of France. RENEW'AL of a Bill of Exchange is matter of agreement between the parties, and a new bill is granted by the party liable to pay in substitution for the old one. The result is, that the former bill is suspended in its operation till the renewed one arrives at maturity. But the former one is not extinguished, for it revives if the renewed bill is not paid; and even though the renewed bill is paid, an action may be brought on the former bill to recover the interest due upon it. RENFREW (anciently Strathgryffe), a county in Scotland, 31 miles long, by 13 broad, is bounded on the N. and W. by the river and Firth of Clyde, on the S. by Ayrshire, and on the E. and N. by Lanarkshire. Area 247 sq. m., or 158,268 acres; pop. (1861), 177,561. R. is very unequal in its surface, and consequently in the nature and quality of its soil; the highest portion of it, composing two-thirds of its surface, reach to the height of 1240 feet above the level of the sea, and gradually decline to a level extending to some 12,000 acres. R. was divided in 1815 into the Upper and Lower Wards, with a sheriff-substitute for each. There are extensive mineral deposits in the county, employing a large number of people, and constituting a great source of commerce and wealth. The manufacture of soft goods, comprising silk, cotton, and muslin fabrics, is carried on to a great extent; and the good roads and railways, together with the seaports of Greenock and Port Glasgow, afford ready means of transit both for home and foreign trade. The chief towns, besides these ports, are Renfrew (q. v.), Paisley (q. v.), and Johnstone (q. v.). Besides the Clyde, and some small streams, there are three rivers of considerable size, called the Black Cart, the White Cart, and the Gryffe. The number of proprietors is a little over 2600, and the number of occupants 1181. Of the whole acreage of R., there were, in 1857, under grass and hay 41,598 acres; and under rotation of crops 75,151, of which there were in wheat, 4764 acres, averaging 35 bushels 24 pecks per acre; barley, 417 acres, averaging 36 bushels 0 pecks; oats, 17,097 acres, averaging 37 bushels 04 pecks; bere, 106 acres, averaging 34 bushels 2 pecks; beans, 1232 acrespease, 8 acres, averaging 32 bushels 0 pecks; turnips, 3470 acres, averaging 16 tons 0 cwt.; potatoes, 5729 acres, averaging 5 tons 11 cwt.; summer fallow, 1840 acres. Of live-stock, there were horses, 3635; cattle, 22,398; sheep, 22,477; swine, 1761. The old valued rent was £5764. The valuation for 1863-1864 was £340,987, being an increase over that of 1857 of £58,791, exclusive of railways, which in 1862-1863 were valued at £52,550. The parliamentary constituency, returning a member of parliament, in 1862, was 2313. R. was the chief patrimony of the Stewards of Scotland, granted to them in 1404 by Robert III., since which time the eldest son of the reigning sovereign has borne the title of Baron of Renfrew. and municipal burgh, capital of the county of the RENFREW, an ancient royal, parliamentary, same name, stands on the south bank of the Clyde, miles west-north-west of Glasgow. It contains an educational institution called the Renfrew Grammar School and Blythswood Testimonial, which was originally endowed by charter of Robert III., and is in part maintained by the Town Council. On the banks of the Clyde is a wharf, at which the Glasgow steamers touch. Silk and muslin fabrics woven; and many of the inhabitants are employed in iron-works and in shipbuilding, which branches of industry have within recent years become important here. Pop. (1861) of royal burgh, 3412. are RENNEL, JAMES, a well-known English geographer, was born near Chudleigh, Devonshire, in 1742, and entered the navy as a midshipman at the age of 15, distinguishing himself under Admiral Parker at the siege of Pondicherry. At the age of 24, he left the navy, and enlisted as an officer of engineers in the East India Company's army, rising through the influence of his distinguished services under Clive to the grade of major. Soon afterwards, he was transferred to the post of surveyorgeneral of Bengal, an office more in keeping with his tastes. While serving in the army, he had prepared and published a Chart of the Bank and Currents of Cape Agulhas (1768), which attracted the general notice of geographers; and having retired from office (1782) with a pension of £600, he followed up this work by a succession of geographical works on India, the chief of which was Memoirs of a Map of Hindustan (Lond. 1783), new editions of which appeared in 1788, 1793, and 1800, each of which merits to be considered a distinct work. But his geographical investigations took a wider scope, for in 1792 he published a Memoir of the Geography of Africa, from the communications of Major Houghton, and the relations of Ledyard and Hornemann; and in 1798, he aided Mungo Park in the arrangement of his travels, illustrating them by a map. R. had been elected a member of the Royal Society in 1788. The subject of the correctness of the ancient geographers being at that time much discussed, R., though wholly ignorant of Greek, undertook the vindication of Herodotus (whose works he became acquainted with through the medium of a translation), and published in 1800 his Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained, a work of unrivalled merit, displaying as it does one of the grandest combinations of acuteness, sagacity, and research. A second edition was published in 1830. In 1814, appeared his Observations on the Topography of the Plain of Troy; and two years afterwards, Illustrations (chiefly Geographical) of the Expedition of the Younger Cyrus, &c., and of the Retreat of the Ten Thousand. After his death, which took place at London, 29th March 1830, there were found among his papers several MS. works, including the Investigation of the Atlantic Currents and those between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans (Lond. 1832), in the composition of which book he examined the logs of all the ships of RENNES RENNIE. war and Indiamen which had traversed those seas for about 40 years previous, and reduced their observations to a general system; and A Treatise on the Comparative Geography of Western Asia, with an atlas, ancient and modern (Lond. 1831), a work of great labour and research, which had been prepared by the royal command, and the publication of which was partially defrayed at the king's expense. R. was one of the most remarkable men of his time; his works exhibit throughout the most earnest perseverance and industry, sound judgment, and wonderful sagacity. Το in connection with the Thrashing-mill (q. v.), he proceeded to Edinburgh, where he attended the lectures on natural philosophy by Dr Robison, and those on chemistry by Dr Black (q. v.). Furnished with a recommendation from Professor Robison, he visited (1780) the works of Messrs Boulton and Watt at Soho, near Birmingham, and was immediately taken into employment by that eminent firm. Here his mechanical genius soon displayed itself; and so highly did Watt esteem R., that he gave him, in 1789, the sole direction of the construction and fitting-up of the RENNES (Redones of the Romans, Condate of machinery of the Albion Mills, London; and the the Gauls), formerly the capital of the province of ingenious improvements effected in the connecting Bretagne, now the chief town of the dep. of Ille-wheel-work were so striking, that R. at once rose et-Vilaine, is situated at the confluence of the into general notice as an engineer of great prorivers Ille and Vilaine. It is divided into the mise. Abundance of mill-work now flowed in upper or new town, and the lower or old town. It upon him, and the thorough efficiency of his is surrounded by ancient walls, flanked with towers, workmanship greatly contributed to his fame. beyond which lie extensive suburbs. Three bridges this branch of engineering he added, about 1799, unite the two divisions of the town, the older another-the construction of bridges; and in this portions of, which lie on the left bank of the branch also his pre-eminent talent and ingenuity The elegance and solidity Vilaine, and are often exposed to serious damage displayed themselves. from inundations. The most noteworthy of the of his constructions, the chief of which were raised public buildings are the cathedral-a large but at Kelso, Leeds, Musselburgh, Newton-Stewart, inelegant specimen of early Gothic; St Peter's Boston, New Galloway (and at other places Church, with its two grand old towers; and the afterwards mentioned), were universally admired; town-hall, a fine modern building. R. is the see of a R.'s greatest work in this department was the Waterbishop, and the seat of a High Court of Jurisdiction loo Bridge over the Thames, said to be the noblest for Ille-et-Vilaine and several other adjacent depart- structure of its kind in the world, and it certainly ments, and has tribunals of First Instance and of combines in the happiest proportions the qualities Commerce. As the focus of main and branch-lines of grandeur and simplicity. It was commenced in of railway between Paris and the north-west of 1811, and finished in less than six years, at a cost of Another of his works is the empire, and commanding good river and canal more than £1,000,000. the Southwark Bridge, which was built on a new navigation, R. is favourably situated for commerce; and in addition to the transport of the abundant principle, cast-iron arches resting on stone piers, farm-produce of the neighbouring districts, it carries and was finished in four years at an expense of on a considerable trade in its own manufactures, £800,000. He also drew up the plan for the London which include cotton and linen yarns, flannel stock- Bridge, which, however, was not commenced till ings, lace, sail-cloths, earthenware, &c. Pop. (1862) after his death. We have only space to enumerate the rest of his great engineering achievements: 34,387. he superintended the execution of the Grand Western Canal in Somerset, the Polbrook Canal in Cornwall, the canal joining the Don and Dee in Aberdeen, that between Arundel and Portsmouth, and chief of all, the Kennet and Avon Canal between Newbury and Bath. London Docks, the East and West India Docks at Blackwall, with their goods' sheds, the Hull docks, the Prince's Dock at Liverpool, and those of Dublin, Greenock, and Leith, were all designed, and wholly or partially executed under his superintendence. He also planned many improvements on harbours and on the dockyards of Portsmouth, Chatham, Sheerness, and Plymouth; executing at the lastmentioned port the most remarkable of all his naval works, the celebrated Breakwater. R. died October 16, 1821, and was buried in St Paul's Cathedral. R.'s great merit as an engineer consisted in his almost intuitive perception of what was proper to be done to effect the assigned purpose. Another striking characteristic of his works is the remarkable combination in them of beauty and durability. In this respect, R. had no rival; and though his works are frequently objected to on the ground of their expensiveness, yet their lasting qualities will in the end more than compensate for this. In person, R. was of extraordinary stature and herculean strength-characteristics which have for a lengthened period distinguished his family, and with reference to which numerous tales are still current regarding many of his relatives. RE'NNET consists of the inner lining of the true stomach (see DIGESTION) of the sucking-calf, and depends for its use upon the acid gastric juice contained in it. It is prepared by removing the stomach from the animal as soon as killed, and scraping off the outer skin and all superfluous fatty matter. The membrane is then salted for some hours, and stretched out to dry. If perfectly dried, it will keep for a long time. When used, a small piece is taken and soaked in a little whey or water, and then added to the milk intended to be curdled. RENNETT, the common name, not only in English, but, with slight modifications, in French, German, and other languages, of a class of apples, including many of the most beautiful and pleasant varieties. They are of very regular and nearly globose shape; their skin has generally a rusty tinge, and often a kind of unctuousness to the touch; their flesh is finely granular; and besides being sweet and agreeably acid, they have a peculiar aromatic flavour. They do not keep well. The trees have a very regular habit of growth, and are very suitable for dwarf standards. The name R. seems to be originally French-Reinette, Little Queen. RENNIE, JOHN, an eminent civil engineer, was born at Phantassie, near East Linton, East Lothian, 7th June 1761. His preliminary education was obtained at the parish-school of East Linton, and supplemented by two years at Dunbar, where he was indoctrinated into pure mathematics. After being for some time a workman in the employment of Mr Andrew Meikle, celebrated The RENNIE, GEORGE, an eminent English civil engineer, and the eldest son of the preceding, was born in Surrey, January 3, 1791, and at the age of 16 entered the Edinburgh University, being placed |