are of the same description. That of the Three Kings,' at Cologne, has jewels valued at £240,000. RELIQUIA (Lat. remains), applied in Geology to the remains of plants and animals found fossil in the sedimentary deposits.

REMAINDER is a term much used in the law of England. Thus, if the owner of the fee-simple, or freehold of lands, give them by will or deed to A for life, and after his decease to B and his heirs, the

interest of B is called the remainder, because, after deducting A's life estate, all that remains belongs to B. A remainder is distinguished from a reversion in this, that in the latter case, the remainder returns to the owner of the estate himself, and so it is called, in that instance, a reversion instead of a remainder. A contingent remainder is too technical a term to be popularly explained, though it plays an important part in the law of real property in England. It is an estate which may or may not ever become vested or enjoyable.

REMBA'NG, a town and seaport of Java, capital of a residency of the same name, stands on the north coast of the island, in long. about 111° 10' E. It contains 11,000 inhabitants, and is the seat of some trade. The residency, of which the area is 2600 sq. m., the pop. 460,000, contains forests which are the peculiar haunts of the black tiger, an

animal found nowhere out of the island.

REMBRANDT HERMANSZOON, commonly called REMBRANDT VAN RHYN, was the son of a miller, Herman Gerritsz van Rhyn, whose house (where the painter was born) and mill were situated on an arm of the Rhine at Leyden. R. was born either on 15th July 1606, or in 1608. The former date rests on the authority of the Description of Leyden, published in 1641, by Orlers, burgomaster of that town, under whose custody, along with other registers of the city, were those of the registers of baptism, since lost. The latter date rests on the painter's marriagecertificate, lately discovered, dated 10th June 1634, in which R. is stated to be aged 26, and thus the year of his birth 1608. He attended for a short time the Latin School at Leyden; and after studying art three years under Jacob van Swanenburg, and for a very limited period under Pieter Lastman at Amsterdam, and Jacob Pinas at Haarlem, he returned home, and devoted himself to the study of nature. His works now attracted some attention; and about the year 1630, he was encouraged to establish himself at Amsterdam, where he soon entered on a most successful career, and executed numerous works-portraits, landscapes, historical and genre subjects, and those wondrous etchings, numbering above 360, which have served almost as much as his paintings to raise his reputation so high. R. holds the chief place in the Dutch School; his power and originality are exemplified in almost every branch of art; and as examples of composition, expression, colour, and light and shade, his works rank with those of the greatest artists. He had numerous pupils, many of whom, such as Gerard Dow, G. Flinck, F. Bol, N. Maas, P. de Koning, and Vanden Eeckhout, were distinguished artists. R. spent his large gains in the indulgence of a taste for works of art, arms, and objects of vertù, as is proved by an inventory of his effects, extracted from the registers of the Insolvents' Court at Amsterdam, for he got into difficulties, partly from his expensive habits, and partly on account of claims by the tutors of his son, after the death of his first wife. He married a second time, and left two children; his son Titus, by his first wife, predeceased him. Many interesting matters connected with the history of this great

painter have been brought to light, and published so lately as 1853, by Dr P. Scheltema, Keeper of Records at Amsterdam. The date of the painter's decease was a matter of doubt; but among other documents discovered by this author, the following extract, from the Register of Burials of the city of Amsterdam, proves that he was interred in the Westerkerk (West Church) on 8th October 1669: Deynsdach, 8th October 1669, Rembrant van Rijn, Schilder, op de Rosegraacht, teghenover het Doolhof. Laet na 2 Kynders.'-(This day, 8th October 1669 [was buried] Rembrandt van Rhyn, Painter, on the Rosegraacht [Rose-Canal], opposite the Labyrinth. He leaves two children.')

REMIREMONT, a small town of France, in the department of Vosges, stands on the left bank of the Moselle, 17 miles south-east of Epinal. Here, two abbeys, founded in 620, were destroyed in the 10th c., but afterwards rebuilt. Of these, the more important was for lady canonesses. Its abbess was a princess of the empire, and those over whom she presided were all descended from families which had been noble for at least four generations. The remains of the abbey are the finest buildings in the town. Linen and muslin goods are extensively manufac tured; and paper, leather, and wrought-iron are made. R. is the great mart for the neighbouring mountain districts. Pop. 5194.

REMI'SSIO INJURIÆ, in Scotch Law, denotes a forgiveness of an injury, and it is set up in answer to an action of divorce for adultery. Forgiveness implies that the party knew of the injury, and acted as if it had never happened; and it is proved by words or acts, such as cohabitation. In English In Scotch law, law, it is called condonation. remission is an extinguishment of a crime by pardon or by act of parliament, but it does not prevent a private party recovering damages.

REMITTENT FEVER is one of the three varieties of fever arising from malaria or marshpoison-the two others being Intermittent Fever, or Ague (q. v.), and Yellow Fever. In its milder forms, it scarcely differs from severe intermittent fever; while in its more serious form, it may approximate closely to yellow fever. As the nature of the poison on which it depends is sufficiently noticed in the article MIASMA, we shall at once proceed to describe the most characteristic symp. toms. The attack may be either sudden or preceded by languor, chilliness, and a general feeling of malaria. Then comes a cold stage, similar to that occurring in ague, and usually of short duration. This is followed by a hot stage, in which the symptoms are commonly far more intense than those exhibited in the worst forms of ague. Giddiness proceeding to delirium is not uncommon, and is a bad symptom; while, in other cases, drowsiness or lethargy is one of the most marked symptoms. There is often great tenderness or pain in the region of the stomach, and vomiting the vomited matter frequently containing bile or blood. remission of these symptoms occurs, in mild cases, in six or seven hours; but, in severe cases, the paroxysm may continue for 24 hours or longer. The remission is sometimes, but not always, accompanied with sweating. The duration of the remission is as varied as that of the paroxysm, varying from two or three to thirty hours, or even longer. The fever then returns with increased severity, and without any cold stage; and then the paroxysms and remissions proceed, most commonly according to no recognisable law, till the case terminates either fatally or in convalescence. In favourable cases, convalescence is usually estab lished in about a week. The severer forms of this

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fever are often accompanied with more or less jaundice, and hence the disease has received the name of bilious remittent fever. It is also known as jungle fever, lake fever (from its prevalence on the border of the great American lakes); and the African, Bengal, Levant, Walcheren, and other similar local fevers, are merely synonyms of this disease. In England, the disease is very rare; and when it occurs, it is usually mild. The disease is most severe in Southern Asia, Western Africa, Central America, and the West India Islands.

The first object of treatment is to reduce the circulation during the hot stage. This is done by bleeding, followed by a dose of five grains each of calomel and James's powder, and, after an interval of three or four hours, by a sharp cathartic-as, for instance, the ordinary black draught. On the morning of the following day, the remission will probably be more complete, when quinine, either alone or in combination with the purgative mixture, should be freely and repeatedly administered. A mixture of antimonial wine with acetate of potash should also be given every two or three hours, so as to soften the skin, and increase the action of the kidneys. Sir Ranald Martin-our highest authority in relation to tropical diseases—has directed attention to the fact, that the patient must be carefully watched during the period of convalescence. A timely removal from all malarious influence, by a change of climate or a sea-voyage, is of the highest importance, and is more likely than any other means to prevent fatal relapses into other forms of fever, or into dysentery, which so frequently occur to our troops at stations where miasmatic influences are rife. Although the above sketch of treatment is applicable in most cases, there are some forms of this fever in which blood-letting cannot be borne; and almost every epidemic fever of this kind requires special modifications of treatment. The following data, extracted from a table drawn up by Sir Alexander Tulloch, will give some idea of the frequency of this disease and the variations in intensity:

RE'MORA, or SUCKING-FISH (Echeneis), a genus of fishes which Cuvier placed among the Discoboli (q. v.), but which Müller assigns to the order Anacanths, and regards as constituting an entire family, Echeneida. Their chief relation to the Discoboli, indeed, is in the possession of a sucker, by which to affix themselves to objects of various kinds; but the sucker itself is very different. The remoras have an elongated body, covered with very small scales; one soft-rayed dorsal fin, situated above the anal fin; the head flattened, and covered with an elongated disc extending back beyond it, which is the sucker; the mouth large, with numerous small recurved teeth on both jaws, the vomer, and the tongue. The sucker-disc exhibits numerous transverse cartilaginous laminæ directed backwards, and has a free flexible broad margin. These lamina are formed by modification of the spinous processes of a first dorsal fin. They are moved simultaneously by sets of muscles raising or depressing them, and when they are raised after the margin of the disc has been

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closely applied to a smooth surface, a vacuum is created; and so powerful is this apparatus, that great weights may be dragged by a R.; whilst it obstinately refuses to let go its hold, and will even submit to be torn in pieces before it does_so. Common R. of the Mediterranean, and of the ancients, is a small fish, seldom more than eight inches long, of a dusky-brown colour. It is found in the Atlantic, and occasionally as far north as the British coast. It is frequently seen among the other fishes following ships, and often attaches itself by its sucker to some other fish, even of a kind that would make haste to devour it if it could be reached-an instance of which once occurred on the British coast, a R. being taken affixed to a cod often also to the rudder or bottom of a ship. The ancients imagined that it had power to impede or arrest the course of a ship, a fable which continued to be credited till recent times. Thus, it was alleged, was Antony's ship detained from getting soon enough into action in the memorable and decisive battle of Actium. Of what use its power of adhesion is to the R., is matter of mere conjecture. The R. is very palatable. There are about ten known species, some of the tropical ones much larger than the Common Remora. One of them is said, on the authority of Commerson, to be used on the coasts of Mozambique for the curious purpose of catching turtles. A ring is fixed round its tail, with a long cord, and the fish, placed in a vessel of sea-water, is carried out in a boat; the fishermen row gently towards a sleeping turtle, and throw the R. towards it, which seldom fails immediately to affix itself, when the cord is drawn in, and the turtle becomes an easy prey.

REMOULADE, a term in Cookery for a fine kind of salad-dressing, consisting of the yolks of two eggs, boiled hard; flour of mustard, about a teaspoonful, rubbed up with three or four tablespoonfuls of oil; when they are thoroughly incorporated, add two tablespoonfuls of vinegar and a little pepper, and other flavouring materials according to taste. It is much used in making the salad called Mayonnaise.

REMOVAL OF GOODS by a tenant of a house to prevent the landlord distraining or seizing them in payment of rent, is attended with this consequence: if the rent is already due, and not merely current rent, then, if a tenant fraudulently or clandestinely remove the goods from the premises, the landlord may, within 30 days thereafter, take and seize these goods wherever they are found, and sell them, by way of payment of his rent. If the tenant remove the goods the day before the rent becomes due, the landlord cannot so follow the goods. Whoever assists the tenant to remove his goods fraudulently, forfeits to the landlord double the value of the goods removed.

REMOVAL OF PAUPERS, in the law of England, is the technical term applied to the compulsory removal of paupers from a parish in which they have become destitute, to the parish of their settlement, and which, therefore, is bound to maintain them. The right of parochial officers to remove paupers in such circumstances has long been considered as one of doubtful wisdom, and the propriety of continuing it has latterly been much discussed. As the law stands, wherever a person becomes destitute in a parish in which he was not born, or in which he has not acquired a Settlement (q. v.), as it is called, the overseers may apply to a justice of the peace at once to remove him to his own parish. In such a case, notice must be given by the removing parish to the parish of settlement, so that the latter may oppose the proceeding;

and this gives rise to frequent litigation, for the point turns on the antecedent history of the pauper, or it may be of the pauper's father or grandfather. The right of removing paupers is as old as 13 Charles II. At first, it was in the power of the overseers, whenever a poor person came into the parish who was likely to become chargeable, to apply for a warrant to remove him after forty days. But this was thought too great a restriction on the natural liberty of poor persons to go where they like in the hope of bettering themselves, and the power of removal was restricted to cases where they have already become actually destitute, and apply for relief. Even that limitation was thought to be too oppressive on the poor man; and by a statute of 1846, whenever a poor man had lived in any parish, where he had no settlement previously, for five years, it was not allowed to remove him thereafter at all, but the expense of his maintenance fell upon the common fund of the union. By a later statute of 1862, this period was reduced to three years, and he is now irremovable not only if he has lived three years in a parish not his own, but in any one union; so that now the removability of paupers is greatly checked, and made less oppressive.

REMOVING OF TENANTS, in Scotch Law, is the giving up of possession by a tenant after the expiry of his lease or term. There must have been a previous notice to quit, or warning, before a tenant can be compelled to remove, and this notice is forty days before Whitsunday; i. e., before 15th May. If there is no express stipulation in the lease binding the tenant to remove at the end of the lease, then the landlord must give warning, which he does by summons of removing in the Sheriff Court; and if the tenant do not punctually remove, decree of removal may be obtained. If there is a stipulation to remove, then that is equivalent to a decree of removing, and a sheriff-officer, with a written authority from the landlord, can remove the tenant by force. In England, no notice to quit is necessary on either side if the lease was for a definite term; but if it was indefinite, then it is treated as a lease from year to year, and half a year's notice to quit must be given by the landlord. If, however, the tenant wrongfully refuse to quit, there is in most cases no summary mode of ejecting him, and an action of ejectment is necessary.

views. Among his earlier political essays, the most important are Sur la Responsabilité des Ministères ; Sur la Liberté de la Presse; Sur la Procédure par Jurés en Matière Criminelle (1820); and Sur les Amendements à la Loi des Elections (1820). On the establishment of the Globe in 1824, R. became one of its most indefatigable contributors, and his name appears in the list of journalists who signed the protest against the fatal ordonnances of the minister Polignac, which brought about the July revolution. After 1830, R. entered the French chambers as deputy of Muret in the Haute-Garonne, representing it till 1848. He supported the ministry of Casimir Périer, was for a brief period Undersecretary of State (1836) in that of Comte Molé; and in 1840, when the government passed into the hands of Thiers, R. was made Minister of the Interior, but soon resigned the office. After the flight of Louis Philippe, he continued a member of the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies, and was a warm supporter of the party of order. He was exiled (like so many other of the best men in France) after the coup d'état of Louis Napoleon, but subsequently received permission to return to France, and has since devoted himself to the serener pursuits of literature and philosophy. For more than 20 years, he has been a contributor to the Revue des Deux Mondes, where his clear, logical, and vivid style is his Essai sur la Nature du Pouvoir; Essais de well known. Among his philosophical efforts are Philosophie (Paris, 2 vols. 1842); Abelard (2 vols. 1845); Passé et Présent, Mélanges (2 vols. 1847); Saint Anselme de Cantorbéry (1852); Bacon, sa Vie, son Temps (1858).

REMUSAT, JEAN PIERRE ABEL, a distinguished Chinese scholar, was born at Paris, 5th September 1788, studied medicine, and took his diploma in 1813; but as early as 1811, had published an Essai sur la Langue et la Littérature Chinoises, the fruit of five years' arduous work. In 1813, the conscription seized him, but, instead of being compelled to serve as a common soldier, he was appointed assistantsurgeon in the Paris military hospitals, and was subsequently intrusted with the charge of feverIn the midst patients at the hospital Montaigu. of his arduous and harassing professional duties, he found time to prepare for the press his Uranographie Mongole, and Dissertation sur la Nature Monosyllabique attribuée communément à la Langue Chinoise.

REMUSAT, CHARLES, COMTE DE, a French philosopher and politician, son of Auguste Laurent, Comte de Remusat, a Provençal gentleman of some note, who held various public offices during the first Empire and after the Restoration, was born at Paris, 14th March 1797, and studied with brilliant success at the Lycée Napoléon. He made his political debut in 1818 as a Doctrinaire journalist, allying himself closely with Guizot, who, he confessed, had exercised a greater influence on the formation of his opinions than any other; but he subsequently withdrew from this connection, and became more independently liberal, though, he always remained temperate and prudent in his

the Bourbons, instituted a chair of Chinese at the College de France, and R. was named professor, 9th November 1814. He delivered a splendid inaugural address in January 1815, an analysis of which appeared in the Moniteur of 1st February, executed by Silvestre de Sacy himself. Of the numerous works that he wrote subsequent to this period, we may mention Recherches sur les Langues Tartares (1820), a work in some sort preparatory to his Eléments de la Grammaire Chinoise (1822), the grandest monument of the vast Sinological erudition and labour of Remusat. Another of his important philological productions was his Recherches sur l'Origine la Formation de l'Ecriture Chinoise (1827). Although acquainted,' says M. Walckenaer, with several of the most difficult languages of Asia, and with almost all the ancient and modern languages of Europe, he regarded such knowledge as only a means to an end. crowd of treatises, dissertations, critical analyses, and translations, either published as separate works or inserted in Mémoires, he has endeavoured to embrace everything relating to the nations whom he

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proposed to make known. Religious beliefs, philosophical systems, natural history, geography, political revolutions, the origins of races, biography, literature, manners, habits, and customs-he has treated all in an equally masterly style.' Among the works of R.. which illustrate this éloge of M. Walckenaer are his Etude Historique sur la Médecine des Chinois; Tableau Complet des Connaissances des Chinois en Histoire Naturelle (unfinished); Sur la Pierre Iu (a curiously learned disquisition on a crowd of historical questions and religious rites); Notice sur la Chine et ses Habitants (in which the author treats of the extent, administration, man ners, commerce, &c., of China); Sur l'Extension de l'Empire Chinois en Occident depuis le Premier Siècle avant Jésus-Christ jusqu'à nos Jours, a work that has thrown much light on the interesting question: Who were the barbarians that overthrew the Roman empire? R., in particular, paid great attention to the religions of China, except, strange to say, that of Confucius. He was the first to make known in Europe the life and opinions of the philosopher Laou-Tsze, head of the religious sect Taou-tsé, and wrote numerous works, more or less valuable, on the history of Buddhism. A list of his various works is given in the article Remusat,' in the Nouvelle Biographie Générale, to which we are chiefly indebted for our information. In 1818, R. became one of the editors of the Journal des Savants; in 1822 he founded the Société Asiatique of Paris, of which he was perpetual secretary; in the following year, he was chosen a member of the Asiatic Societies of London and of Calcutta; and in 1824, he was appointed curator of the Oriental Depart ment in the Bibliothèque Royale. He died of cholera at Paris, 4th June 1832 at the early age of 44.

REMY, or REMI, ST (Lat. Remigius), a saint of the Roman Catholic Church, was born of a noble family of Laon, in Picardy, in the year 438 or 439. He was appointed, against his will, at the early age of 22, to the bishopric of Rheims, and his episcopate is memorable for the conversion of Clovis, who was baptised by Remy. It was on occasion of this ceremony that, contrasting our Lord and his cross with the idols whom Clovis had hitherto adored, R. used the words which afterwards became almost epigrammatic: Adore henceforward what thou hast hitherto burned, and burn that which thou hast adored.' R. lived to see Gaul almost entirely Christianised, and died in his 93d or 94th year in 533. Some of his letters are preserved in the Bibliotheca Patrum, as also two documents under the title of Testamenta, the genuineness of which has been the subject of a curious controversy.

RENAISSANCE, the name given to the style of art, especially architecture, in Europe, which succeeded the Gothic, and preceded the rigid copyism of the classic revival in the first half of the present century. Under the heading ITALIAN ARCHITECTURE we have traced the rise and progress of the Renaissance in the country of its birth. The spread of classical literature during the 15th and 16th centuries created a taste for classic architecture in every country in Europe. France, from her proximity and constant intercourse with Italy, was the first to introduce the new style north of the Alps. Francis L. invited Italian artists to his court during the first half of the 16th century. The most distinguished of these were Leonardo da Vinci, Benvenuto Cellini, Primaticcio, and Serlio. These artists introduced Italian details, and native architects applied them to the old forms to which they were accustomed, and which suited the purposes of their

buildings, and thus originated a style similar to, though diverse from, that of Italy.

The Italian buildings were chiefly churches, St Peter's being the great model. In France (as in the other countries north of the Alps), the stock of churches was more than was required. The grand domestic buildings of Florence and Rome were actually needed for defence, and were founded in design on the old medieval castles, which the nobles occupied within the cities. The domestic architecture of France is rather taken from the luxurious residences of the monks, and although very graceful in outline and in detail, its buildings want the force and grandeur of the Italian palaces. In the French Renaissance, so much are the old Gothic forms and outline preserved, that the buildings of Francis I. might, at a short distance, be mistaken for Gothic designs, although, on nearer approach, all the details are found to be imitated from the classic. Such are the palaces of Chambord

and Chenonceaux on the Loire, Fontainebleau, and many others. The churches of this period are the same in their principles of design. Gothic forms and construction are everywhere preserved, while the detail is as near classic as the designers could make it. St Eustache, in Paris, is one of the finest examples of this transitional style.

From the middle of the 16th to the middle of the 17th c., a style prevailed which may be said to have combined all the defects of the Renaissance. It was neither classic nor Gothic. It had no principles of construction or decoration save the individual caprice of the designer. This style, usually known as that of the time of Henry IV., is the basest which has been adopted in France, and has no redeeming qualities. It may be distinguished by the constant use of meaningless pilasters, broken entablatures, curved, and contorted cornices, architraves, &c., all applied so as to conceal rather than to mark and