brother was heir apparent to the chieftainship; but on the death of the father, the older brother, whose name we have been unable to get, declined the office in favor of Red Cloud, on the ground of his superior talents and general fitness for the position. The matter was laid before the council and after discussion Red Cloud was accepted as the successor of his father. He was then about thirty years of age and had already distinguished himself by his speeches in council. The Dakotas were then a great nation, owning a vast empire including what is now Dakota and Wyoming and a good portion of Minnesota, indeed Minnesota is a Dakota word meaning Land of Lakes.

The Sioux war of 1862 was confined to Minnesota. That involved only one tribe, the Santee Sioux. The great Sioux War of 1864-'67 between the tribes of Dakota and Wyoming served to bring Red Cloud to public notice in a pronounced way. At all councils between the representatives of the United States and the Sioux nation, Red Cloud represented his tribe. Many of his young men were in the Sioux army for years, however, before he took active command. He desired peace, and until the winter of 1866-67 he did not lose hope of securing a treaty of peace, which should be in a measure just to his people. But in a council at Fort Laramie, held December, 1866, or January, 1867, his ultimatum was finally rejected by the United States Commissioners, and Red Cloud at once took chief command of his forces and made a most vigorous campaign. Before leaving the council he said: "I have done all that I could to stop this war, but I am now convinced that you do not want peace on just terms, henceforth I shall rely upon the Great Spirit, and my trusty rifle.” About a year after he made that speech, Red Cloud was invited to another council with a commission of which General Sherman was chairman, and he was offered terms in perfect accord with his ultimatum of a year before. He signed this treaty (known as the treaty of 1868, because ratified in that year) and he has

kept it in letter and spirit faithfully to this day. But we regret to be obliged, as a just historian, to say that the United States has but very partially fulfilled its part of that treaty.

In the spring of 1868, Red Cloud, Spotted Tail, Old Man Afraid of his Horse, Swift Bear, American Horse, Red Dog, and a number of other Sioux Chiefs visited Washington on invitation of President Johnson. They also visited Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. by invitation of the authorities of those cities. Red Cloud then dressed as an Indian Chieftain of the first rank, and presented a very imposing though savage appearance. Now and for several years past he dresses like any other civilized man, and his bearing and manners are those of a gentleman. Hon. Alonzo Bell, late Assistant Secretary of the Interior Department, says of him; “I have met Red Cloud in council, often, and I regard him the intellectual peer of any man in the United States Senate, and as a diplomat and statesman he has few equals. I desire to add that I regard him as a man of the strictest integrity and highest sense of honor. I am proud to be able to count him among my personal friends." Secretary Lamar says of a brief impromptu speech of Red Cloud, addressed to him, "It was one of the best specimens of eloquence to which I ever listened." President Cleveland speaks of his speeches in complimentary terms. Hon. G. W. Manypenny, formerly Commissioner of Indian affairs and Chairman of the Sioux Commission of 1876, has a high regard for Red Cloud. He believes him to be a man who has the welfare of his people at heart and is anxious that they should advance in the road to civilization. He says, "Red Cloud is a man of honor and integrity as well as of superior intellectual and rare executive ability,"

Fordyce Grinnell, M. D., of Newport, R. I., who was for some years U. S. Surgeon at Pine Ridge Agency, says of Chief Red Cloud; "I have heard from the pulpit, eulogies upon men who, sustained by Christian faith, have borne wrongs with meekness, but I defy the

recent annals of the Church to furnish a case surpassing that of Red Cloud, enduring, as he has with stoical fortitude for years, wrongs and insults that cry to heaven for vengeance. refer to the persecutions and insults heaped upon the Chief by the United States agent."

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That Red Cloud has a keen sense of humor is proven by the fact that when the organ of acquisitiveness was explained to him by a phrenologist, his eye twinkled with fun as he said, "I think that is the biggest organ in the white man's head."

Red Cloud has visited Washington as the representative of his people eight different times in eighteen years. Some of these visits have been brief, while on other occasions he has spent months at the Capital in Conference with the President, Secretary of the Interior, Commissioner of Indian affairs, and the Committees of Congress. For some years the United States agent sent to his people has not had the confidence of Red Cloud or his people. The chief has asked the former administration to remove him and send them a better man. To quote his words, "they would not hear" him. Soon after the inauguration of President Cleveland the chief proceeded to Washington accompanied by his interpreter. He spent two months in the city as the guest of Dr. T. A. Bland, editor of the Council Fire, the well known organ of the Quaker Indian policy. He was treated with distinguished consideration by the President and other officials, and by the best society people of the Capital city. Numerous receptions were tendered him, and on all occasions he bore himself with the modesty of an American gentleman and the dignity of a prince of royal blood.

Chief Red Cloud is a wise Indian. He has 'the pride of race common to his people. He holds in great respect the traditional history of the Dakotas, and the political, social and religious customs of his race; yet he recognizes and accepts the fact, that, to quote his words: "The days of the Indian are gone. His hunt

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ing grounds are blotted out, his path is fenced in by the white man. There is no longer any room in this country for the Indian. He must become a white man or die. My ancestors once owned this whole country. They were then a proud people. Now this country belongs to people who came from beyond the They are so numerous that we could not take our country from them if we should try. They have blotted out the Indian trail, and in its place they have made a new road. We must travel with them in this new road. I have been walking in the white man's road for many years. I ask my people to follow me. We were all created by the same Great Spirit, and we draw our subsistence from our common mother, nature; we are alike in all respects except the color of our skin. We have always traveled different roads; from now on, we must travel even. We must build our two houses into one, and hereafter live together like brothers."-Selected.

HOW GOLD IS EXPORTED. THE process of shipping gold across the ocean is thus described by a Boston paper:

Each keg contains fifty thousand dollars in clear gold. It is from the Bank of America, at New York, that most of the gold is shipped from that city. The foreign steamships sailing from Boston now carry little or no gold, although the reverse was the case years ago.

The shipments of gold are not generally on the bank's account. At a first glance, persons might well suppose that when the demand arises for gold to send abroad, the shipper would only have to send in his order for his hundreds of thousands to the sub-treasury, where millions of specie are on deposit. But there are sufficent reasons why this plan I will not work. The sub-treasury can pay out its coin only to creditors of the government. With the Bank of America, the associated banks keep on deposit constantly an enormous sum of gold, sometimes amounting to forty million dollars. To the members of the bank association the Bank of America issues

its own certificates against these deposits, redeemable on demand. So, when there is occasion for making a gold shipment, the coin is prepared for that purpose in the rear office of that bank, here it is bagged and kegged and made ready for shipment.

Kegs in which gold is packed-"specie kegs" as the are called-are made of extra hard wood. They must have an extra iron hoop. Specie is not thrown loosely into a keg, nor, upon the other hand, is it carefully wrapped in tissue paper and piled up one coin upon another. The keg serves only as a protection for canvas bags, into which the gold is placed in the ordinary hit and miss fashion of pennies in a man's pocket. Into each bag go five thousand dollars, and ten bags fill a keg.

In the interests of security, each keg is treated to what is technically known among the shippers as the "red taping" process. At each end of the keg, in the projecting rim of the staves about the head, are bored four holes at equidistant intervals. A piece of red tape is run through these holes, crossing on the head of the keg, and the ends finally meet in the center. At the point of meeting, the tape is sealed to the keg's head by wax bearing the stamp of the shipper.

Gold crosses the ocean very much as does every other kind of freight, without any special looking after. The average rate of insurance is about two thousand on a shipment of one million. There are shippers who do not insure. Having to ship one million, they give it in equal parts to half a dozen different vessels. It is a strict rule with some firms never to trust more than two hundred and fifty thousand at a time on any one ship.

A certain party furnishes all the kegs for gold, and packs them. The man who does this is a monopolist in his way. Shippers of large amounts always lose a few dollars by abrasion, but not exceeding sixteen ounces on a million dollar shipment. The only protection to be found against abrasion lies in the shipment of gold in bars instead of coin. Gold bars are not readily obtained.

CHRIST BEFORE PILATE. THE dispatches of the Associated Press announce that the celebrated picture of Munckacsy, entitled, "Christ before Pilate," has been sold to Mr. Wanamaker, the Philadelphia merchant, for one hundred thousand dollars. The price is marvelous, but the picture is equally marvelous. It is thus described:

"The artist has chosen the moment when Pilate, confronted with the accusers of Christ, who have brought him bound to the tribunal, is unable to convince himself of the prisoner's guilt. Pilate is represented as seated on a raised dais, clothed in white. On either side of the Roman governor are the Jewish judges, Pharisees and scribes, and at his right is the high-priest, a superb type of the haughty, imperious, fanatical Jew. He is denouncing the Savior's pretentious claims and proclaiming his guilt as usurper and false prophet with jestures of imposing yet violent enforcement. In the centre of the picture stands the Christ, facing, with calm, unmoved expression both his accusers and his Roman judge. Crowding about him, pushing him, brutally staring and sneering, are the jeering, mocking populace, crying aloud that his blood may be upon their head. The most conspicuous figure among the multitude is a coarse, cruel faced man of the people, who, with uplifted arms, and wide open mouth, is crying, "Crucify him! Crucify him!" In the foreground stands the figure of a Roman soldier, pressing back the eager crowd with his long spear-headed lance. All these forty figures are crowding the outer halls of a vast building whose grand architectural construction forms a superb frame to this noble scene. Through the open portico one catches a glimpse of the outlying city of Jerusalem, over which the author has hung a curtain of deep blue sky."

It seems to be generally agreed that Christ is not well-depicted; the artist having portrayed fanaticism rather than benevolence. Michael Munckacsy is an Austro-Hungarian, and what seems remarkable, despite numerous precedents, is entirely self-taught.

A YOUNG assistant of chemistry in the Boston Institute of Technology happened some years ago to be in the northern peninsula of Michigan, says the New York Sun. While there he observed that the Portage River and Lake Linden were of a peculiar copper color, and, when he asked the cause, was told that it was copper that escaped from the smelting and stamping mills of the Calumet and Hecla mines. The young teacher put his thinking cap on, and then requested the company to allow him to experiment, with a view of saving this copper. The company was only too glad to offer facilities. So the young man gave up his summer vacation and set to work, and was able to devise a method by which about four per cent. of the copper mined was saved, and almost pure copper, too. The young professor no longer earns a trifling salary, but has acquired a comfortable income by this summer's vacation.

Some years ago, a mechanic near New Haven, was riding in a railway train, and was jolted and jarred as in the early days of railway travel passengers were apt to be. He didn't fret and fume, as the other passengers did, but began to study and experiment, with a view to making a spring that would reduce the jolting to a minimum. He at last succeeded, and his spring was adopted by every railroad in the country. He is no longer a poor young mechanic. His name is Carlos French, and he has just been elected to Congress from the New Haven district.

There died, a few days ago, in Waterbury, a man who began life in the narrowest circumstances. He learned the trade of a machinist, and he gave his whole soul to his trade. By and by he startled wire manufacturers by producing a cold reducing machine, by which wire was drawn cold. Seeing one day a woman fretting because she had pricked her finger with a pin, he was set to thinking, and in a week he had devised the valuable safety pin. His name was E. J. Manville. He died a rich man.

If we take the railroad business in all its branches, we shall find that in every one of them the men that now are at the head, and who are getting large salaries and are making money, began life without a cent, except in a very few instances. Thirty odd years ago a rosy-cheeked young man ran one of the engines on the New York and New Haven road. He spent every moment of his spare time in studying mechanical engineering and surveying. Soon his suggestions respecting the building of engines, and also respecting the construction and building department of that road, became so valuable that his services were recognized by promotion. He became assistant superintendent, then general superintendent of the whole system, and is now vice-president and director, and has control of the entire mechanical department of the road. This is E. M. Reed, and when he sees a discontented engineer, he says to him that the opportunities for advancement to-day are just as great, probably greater, than they were thirty odd years ago, when he fired on the road. Another superintendent, C. N. Davidson, of the Hartford division, years ago stood at the footboard, and secured his promotion because he made his services so valuable that the company could not do else than appoint him to responsible places. The general superintendent of the great Wabash system some years ago was a common telegraph operator, in Delphi, Indiana, earning barely enough to pay his board and clothing. But he made a study of the railroad business as opportunity presented in that obscure town. By and by the opportunity came for making a suggestion to the managers. It was a good Railway managers are constantly on the lookout for men who show their competency. No men in the world are quicker to reward fidelity and ability. This operator was promoted to a more responsible post. Here his whole time was given to mastering his duties and bettering the service. So he was pro

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moted again and again, until a year ago he was made the general superintendent of the vast system, and with a salary commensurate with his responsible duties. His name is Wade.

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General Superintendent Kerrigan, of the whole five or six thousand miles of the Missouri Pacific system, began his career as an ordinary axman on the Iron Mountain road. He handled the ax well, and was next made rodman. was absorbed in his work, and the company recognized his industry and value, and to-day he receives ten thousand dollars a year for managing the system. The late Vice-President Hoxie himself, whom the Knights of Labor regarded with so much bitterness, was in his early life a laboring man, even performing such duties as taking care of horses. But he did that work thoroughly, and when he was twitted with having once been a hostler, he laughed and replied, "Yes, I was the best one in Des Moines."

The late President Rutter, of the New York Central road, began life as a station agent on the line of the Erie road, but he wasn't satisfied simply with being prompt and accurate with his accounts. He made a study of the freight business, so far as he could at his station, and opened the eyes of his manager with his valuable suggestions and his quick and successful solutions of some of the troublesome problems of freight transportation that he had to meet in that early day, before the business was systematized and so well understood as now.

Some years ago two long freight trains met at a siding on one of the Illinois prairies. The siding was not long enough to allow the trains to pass. The assistant manager of the road happened to be on one of the trains, and he was at his wit's end to know what to do. There stepped up a young brakeman, who said he could manage the trains so as to enable them to pass. The engineers laughed at him, but the manager asked him to explain. With a stick he traced in the ground his plan, and it was so simple that every on at once comprehended it. In fifteen minutes the two trains had been moved by, and the oper

ation is now universally adopted on sidings that are too short. It is called sawing. The young fellow, while riding on top of his car across the dreary prairies, had studied out and solved the problem, and when the opportunity came, he was ready for it. He is now the general manager of the great Northwestern system.

Humanity may err, Divinity never.

The working of the good and brave, seen or unseen, endures literally forever, and cannot die.-Carlyle.

CONFUCIUS AND HIS BELIEVERS.Confucius lived five hundred years before Christ, and his teachings and precepts from the Chinese Bible held worldly advancement of little account, and sought to attain rather the moral than the material elevation of mankind. Even now few Chinese will admit that the European standard of morality is equal to their own. Christianity they consider to be a good enough religion in as far as, like Buddhism and other native cults, it teaches men to do good;|but they cannot see that in practice it has made much impression upon the nations of Europe. Their own country has seldom waged offensive war, while all Europe appears to them an armed encampment. England prides herself upon her religion and her big ships of war; France sends her missionaries far into the interior and her torpedo boats cruise round the coast and sink all the unof fending junks that come in their way. This is, of course, the unfavorable side of European character, as presents itself to the ordinary Chinaman. He does not, however, fail to discern our good as well as our bad points. That we are truthful, he knows well, by experience, and that no bribe will ever tempt an Englishman is a thing he often regrets, but never fails to admire. Though he does not altogether accept our ideas of progress, still he is willing to adopt some of our inventions. Steamers are rapidly supplanting the clumsy junks, and one very large and flourishing line is entirely