tained as far as they dared, by all the tortures of the Inquisition. From France, this horrid tribunal was early effectually expelled. In Rome, it was lenient, lest it should drive strangers from the city. But in Spain, Portugal, and in Goa, it was a horrid power. In the united kingdoms of Castile and Arragon, were, at one time, eighteen inquisitorial courts, having each its apostolical inquisitors, secretaries, sergeants, &c., and twenty thousand familiars, or spies and informers, dispersed through the kingdom. Persons suspected of the slightest opposition to the Catholic Church, were demanded at midnight by the watch of the Inquisition, dragged before the tribunal, put to the torture, condemned on the slightest evidence, shut up for life in dungeons, or strangled and burnt to death. No husband, wife, or parent, dared refuse to give up the nearest relative. Wealth in a nobleman, and beauty in a female, were sure to attract the cupidity of these horrible harpies. Their friends might never inquire into their fate.

The AUTO DE FE, or act of faith, has exhibited the most shocking barbarities of civilized man. On a stage erected in the public place in Madrid, the unhappy victims, having been put to the torture by infernal monks, have been tied to the stake, and burned gradually to death. The kings of Spain have sat uncovered, lower than the inquisitors, and witnessed with approbation the awful spectacle.

This horrid tribunal has almost destroyed that beautiful kingdom. All the fountains of social happiness have been broken up. The father has stood in fear of his own child. The sister of her brother. Both Spain and Portugal are sunk by it, in the grossest ignorance, and deepest wretchedness.*

But though the Papal power numbered vastly more souls under its dominion after the reformation than it did before, and seemed at one time to be more formidable than ever, yet, through a series of unexpected events, it has on all sides

* Between the years 1452 and 1808, the whole number of victims to the inquisition on the peninsula, was as follows;

Burnt,

Died before execution, or escaped,

Punished by whipping, imprisonment, &c.

31,718

17,511

287,522

Total, 336,751

More than 1500 were burnt during the last century, but none after the year 1783. Besides these, an incredible number suffered in the Spanish possessions in America, Italy, Flanders, Goa, &c.

been weakened until its ancient power, wealth and splendor, have entirely passed away.

Its richest foreign conquests were soon lost. For failing in any good influence over the heart and conscience-and guilty themselves of fraudulent practices, and abominable dissoluteness, and often deeply immersed in civil and military affairs, exciting seditions and tumults, its emissaries rather provoked a revolt than otherwise. In China, the Jesuits and Dominicans quarrelled violently. Each appealed to the Pope. His interference excited the jealousy of the government, and imprisonment, banishment, and death, became the order of the day, until the name of Christian was almost unknown in the empire. In Japan, a still more tremendous reverse took place in 1615. The utter extermination of Christianity, root and branch, was effected in one month. Such as would not renounce it, were immediately banished or put to death. Vast multitudes of both sexes expired under the most cruel torments. The name of Christian has ever since been repeated with the utmost abhorrence. And none bearing it have been permitted to place their foot there, excepting a few Dutch merchants who had been allowed a factory in one of the extremities of the kingdom. From Abyssinia, the Jesuits were forever banished, for their insolence and ambition, in 1634.

At home the Catholic power was weakened by unsuccessful contests with several European governments. In 1606, Paul V. nearly lost the rich republic of Venice. Peace was made, but the Pope relinquished many of his pretensions, and the Jesuits were banished. Naples, Sardinia, Portugal, and Spain, all in their turn, withheld some immunities which had before been freely granted. But the disputes with the king of France, were the most violent and destructive. Lewis XIV. convened in 1682, a council of the Galican Church, in which it was decreed, "That the power of the Pope was merely spiritual, and did not at all extend to temporalities; that a general council was superior to the Pope; that the power of the Pope was also limited by the Canons, and that his decisions are not infallible without the consent of the Church." This was a most severe blow.

But the downfall of modern Popery is to be dated from the suppression of the order of the Jesuits. This great event was owing to a variety of causes, chiefly, however, to their conduct in South America. Over the immense country of Paraguay, they had established an almost inde

An

pendent sovereignty. The Spanish and Portuguese were excluded from it, lest they should corrupt the converts. immense trade was wholly monopolized, and the European monarchs found themselves deprived of all revenue from that country. In 1750, a treaty was made between Spain and Portugal, in which the boundaries of the two kingdoms in South America were accurately defined. The Jesuits forbade the approach of either party into Paraguay. But an army was sent which soon broke through all resistance, and in 1758, the Jesuits were banished from the kingdom of Portugal, and soon after, from that of Spain, and their estates were confiscated. In ship loads they returned from foreign countries, and in crowds they pressed from the great peninsula, to seek some new employment from their sinking patron.

In France, they fell into disgrace, in a religious controversy. In sentiment they were Pelagians. In 1640, Jansenius published the doctrines of Augustine, concerning depravity and free grace. The publication was condemned by the Inquisition, and the pope. But Jansenius had many followers. All united with him, who were disgusted with the Roman superstitions, and wished the promotion of vital piety. About the same time, a French translation of the New Testament was made by Quesnel, accompanied with annotations, containing the principles of Augustine. Its circulation was rapid. The Jesuits took fire, and compelled Pope Clement XI., in 1713, to issue the bull UNIGENITUS, condemning that and its notes. The Jansenists were inflamed; but parliament confirmed the bull, and the Jansenists felt the horrors of persecution. They became enthusiastic, and pretended to supernatural succors; to revelations and miracles, and declared that to shew the truth of their cause, God had ordered the bones of their dead, especially of the Abbe of Paris, to work miracles. Thousands flew to the Abbe's tomb, to behold the wonders, and the Jansenists grew popular. They exposed the moral corruptions of the Jesuits, and turned the tide against them, so that the order was abolished in France, by royal edict in 1762, and all their colleges and possessions were confiscated and sold.

Still they were upheld by the pope, as he had felt their worth; but their cause had grown desperate, and in compliance with the universal demand, Ganganelli or Clement XIV. suppressed them entirely in all the papal countries, July 21, 1773.

With the Jesuits fell the amazing power of Papal Rome. But she fell into the fangs of a monster more horrible than ever stalked forth upon the bloody arena of depraved man. About the middle of the last century, a set of most ferocious infidels, headed by Voltaire, D'Alembert, Rosseau, and Frederic II. king of Prussia, resolved upon the annihilation of Christianity. Berlin was the centre of their operations; but the Gallican Church was the first object of their attack. Her clergy were amazingly numerous and rich, being no less than eighteen arch-bishops, one hundred and eleven bishops, one hundred and fifty thousand priests, with a revenue of five millions sterling annually, besides three thousand and four hundred wealthy convents. But they were an easy prey. The revocation of the edict of Nantez, had driven experimental religion from the kingdom, and, with a most splendid Church, the nation was given up to infidelity. Her priests themselves, from the vast increase of light, were ashamed of their tricks and pious frauds. The absurdities of indulgence, penance, and purgatory, could no longer be swallowed by a nation full of intelligence. The conspirators saw this and drew out the monster. The wealth

of the Church was a fine object of attack. It was soon made the property of the nation. A civil constitution was formed for the clergy, to which all were required to swear, on pain of death or banishment. The great body refused, and priest and altar were overturned, and blood once esteemed sacred, flowed to the horses' bridles. Such as could, escaped through a thousand dangers, and found an asylum in foreign countries. No tongue can tell the woes of the nation.

The revolutionary torrent overflowed the neighboring countries, and laid waste the Roman Church with all her trumpery. Her priests were massacred. Her silver shrines and saints were turned into money for the payment of troops. Her bells were converted into cannon, and her Churches and convents, into barracks for soldiers. From the Atlantic to the Adriatic, she presented but one most appaling spectacle. She had shed the blood of saints and prophets, and God now gave her blood to drink.

The emperor Napoleon despised the pope, and the whole system of monkery. To secure the reverence of the people, he compelled Pius the Seventh, in 1804, to place the crown upon his head, but in less than four years after he dispossessed him of his ecclesiastical state, and reduced

him to a mere cypher in the political world. The pope issued against him and his troops a bull of excommunication, but it was the pitiable bluster of the decayed old man. The Dominicans in Spain felt his vengeance, and he there, in 1808, abolished the inquisition. In Spain the infernal inquisition has been in part re-established,* and the pope has sent out again some of the order of the Jesuits.

The principles of the Roman Church are expressed in the decrees of the council of Trent and the confession of Pius IV.; but they have been always subject to an exposition of the Pope, who has claimed infallibility. Her rites and ceremonies have varied but little for centuries. A stranger in papal countries now feels himself transported back into the dark ages.

Her Pontiffs, since the reformation, have generally sustained a better character than before. Some have been weak. Some ambitious. A few, respectable for talent and piety.

The same may be said of her clergy. Baronius and Bellarmin have been her most eminent controversialists. Father Paul of Venice, has been her most distinguished historian. Bossuet, Bourdaloue and Massillon her greatest orators. Fenelon, arch-bishop of Cambray, was "the Enoch of his age." He walked with God, and by his writings did much for the promotion of piety. Pascal and Quesnel were eminent for learning and piety. The letters of Pascal first exposed the arts of the Jesuits. Many of the Jansenists appeared to be possessed of the faith and holiness of the gospel. But the great mass of bishops have spent their time amid the cabals and luxuries of courts-the slaves of

* In 1820, the inquisition of Valencia was broken open by the revolutionists, and five hundred were released from its dark and humid dungeons. + Bossuet died in 1704, bishop of Meaux. He distinguished himself by his funeral orations in honor of the princes and great men of his age.

Such was the eloquence of Bourdaloue that on the revocation of the edict of Nantez, Lewis XIV. sent him to preach the Catholic doctrines to the Protestants. He had more solidity and close reasoning than Massillon, but less imagination and less of the pathetic and persuasive. He died 1704, aged 72.

Massillon was born at Hieres, in Provence, 1663. His powers of eloquence early brought him to Paris, where he long carried captive crowded audiences. His oratory was peculiarly his own, and such his fidelity as to bring the gay court of Lewis XIV. and the monarch himself to serious reflection. "Father," said the king to him, "when I hear other preachers I go away much pleased with them, but whenever I hear you, I go away much displeased with myself." In 1717, he was made bishop of Clermont. He died 1742, aged 79.