While the chief was waging the war against lawlessness which was thus at last concluded, he had been active in other plans for the benefit and improvement of his people. It was his way to proceed rather by example than by precept. A fortunate venture, into which a mercantile friend had persuaded him, had yielded a good profit and put him in funds. The Indians on the Reserve had for the most part lived on their scattered farms in the small log cabins which had replaced their earlier bark-built habitations. A few attempts at a better style of residence had been made; but that an Indian should compete with the wealthy whites in this way was not expected. The chief, who had a natural taste and talent for architecture, erected on his farm one of the finest dwellings in the county. A white stuccoed building, of two lofty stories and a spacious and imposing front, rose, elegant and stately, upon a terraced eminence overlooking the Grand River, in the midst of a parklike grove, in which almost every variety of the native woods was represented. The example proved infectious. The traveler crossing the Reserve sees already, here and there, the new and comfortable dwellings of frame or brick, which are gradually replacing the rude log tenements of former days. The house, it may be added, obtained for its possessor the Indian personal name by which (apart from his hereditary designation in the council) he was best known-that of Onwanonsyshon-" He who has the great mansion."*

The Iroquois have always been an agricultural people. Their extensive plantations of maize, beans, and pumpkins excited the admiration of the first explorers. Since their removal to Canada their industry and aptitude as farmers have been notable. The wheat market of Brantford has for many years been largely supplied from the Reserve. To direct this industry into the best channels, and to furnish it with the latest scientific aids, was a most desirable object. The chief took a zealous part in establishing an agricultural society on the Reserve. An older chief, whose influence would be useful, was made president, while Chief George assumed the humbler but more important duties of secretary. The annual exhibitions of the society, beginning on a modest scale, now rival those of the neighboring townships. Of the progress which agriculture has made on the Reserve, of late years, a judgment may be formed from a single fact. A visitor, not long ago, passing through a part of the Reserve, counted in his morning's drive five thrashing-machines at work, all owned and managed by Indians.

* The chief was accustomed to annex to his signature a peculiar hieroglyphic, somewhat resembling the letter Z enclosing a dot, which he explained as an arm embracing a heart-an ancient Indian symbol of friendship.

The chief was a member of the Provincial Horticultural Association, and frequently attended its meetings, where his judicious remarks were always heard with pleasure and respect by his associates. His own grounds showed a choice selection of fruit trees and the best varieties of the grape. In this respect, also, his example has proved inspiring and useful.

The care of the Mission Society and the government has provided the Reserve with schools, including one of a superior stamp, the Mohawk Institute in Brantford. As was to be expected, the Indians were for a long time slow to perceive the advantages of these schools. The teaching, which was now conducted entirely in English, seemed to them anything but attractive. Such an education might suit the children of white people, but not theirs. The chief took the best possible method of dispelling these ideas. He secured for his own children-two boys and two girls— the best education which the schools and colleges of Brantford and London could give. This prescient care has speedily been repaid. His sons have already, at an unusually early age, gained positions of much trust and responsibility, the eldest, Mr. Henry Beverley Johnson, being cashier of the New York Life Insurance Company for the Dominion of Canada, and the youngest, Mr. Allen W. Johnson, holding a good mercantile situation in Hamilton. They are not alone in manifesting to their people the advantages of such a training. Several other educated members of the Iroquois tribes, in various positions, professional and commercial, in Canada and the United States, are displaying the acumen and energy of their remarkably intellectual race.

The chief was often sent by his people as a delegate to bring their needs, and occasionally their remonstrances, to the attention of the government. If not in all cases successful in such missions, his appearance and address always secured him attention and respect. Governors and statesmen received him with courtesy and interest. At Government House, and everywhere in society, he was a welcome visitor. At public entertainments, his fine Napoleonic figure and face, set off by the Indian costume* which on such occasions he frequently assumed, made him a center of attraction, which his quiet dignity of manner and a happy style of conversation, combining good sense with humor, and made more piquant by a half foreign accent, was well calculated to enhance. At home he was the most genial and kindly of men. The attractions of the place and of the household brought many visitors, who all came away delighted with a reception in which Indian hospitality had combined with English courtesy and refine

*See Frontispiece to the Magazine.

ment to make the guests feel themselves pleasantly at home. American tourists who visited Brantford eagerly sought an introduction to Chiefswood, and sometimes gave to the public, through the journals of the southern and eastern cities, an account of their agreeable experiences-the elegant and tasteful Indian home in the tree-embowered mansion, overlooking the wide and winding river, the cordial and dignified chief, the gentle English matron, and the graceful and accomplished young "Indian princesses "all making a picture as charming as it was novel and unexpected.

The health of the chief, never very good since he received his injuries, began latterly to fail perceptibly. His final illness, however, was brief. An attack of erysipelas, following a long drive in a drenching rain, seemed at first so slight as to cause no apprehension. After a few days, however, the malady took an unfavorable turn. Pyæmia, or "blood-poisoning," set in, and the patient gradually sank, losing consciousness partially toward the last, but retaining always his kindly and cheerful manner so long as he was capable of speaking. He died without pain. The family and friends who surrounded his bed were not for a time aware that he had ceased to live. There were other anxious watchers outside, for the news of his precarious condition had spread through the Reserve, and caused much uneasiness. Suddenly a loud, wailing cry rose, in a single note, high, prolonged and quavering, from the river bank below the house. It was repeated on the opposite shore. The well-known signal passed, in the still winter night, from lip to lip, from lonely cabin to cabin, from farm to farm, in every direction, until within an hour all the tribes of the Six Nations on the Reserve knew that a great chief of their council had passed away.

In the churchyard of the ancient Mohawk church near Brantford, built. by Brant and his fellow-converts a century ago, the remains of this noble Mohawk chief and Christian gentleman rest beside the graves of his forefathers. His memory will long be cherished by multitudes of both the races to which he belonged, and for whose common welfare he labored and may be said to have died. Few have done more than he accomplished in his humble sphere, in breaking down the absurd and wicked prejudices of race, and proving the essential unity and brotherhood of the human family.

Horatio Hale

BENEDICT ARNOLD'S MARCH TO CANADA

Visiting one of the famous trout resorts of Maine, the route up the Kennebec and Dead rivers was shown to be identical with that of Arnold, on his expedition to Quebec in 1775. The falls and rapids of the rivers, the towering crest of Mount Bigelow, 3,800 feet above sea-level, and the handsome flagstaff erected by the people of " Flagstaff Plantation," where Arnold raised the American flag one hundred and nine years ago, causes the traveler, especially the sportsman who visits that section, to renew his interest in one of the most remarkable of military expeditions.

He reads again the story of the officers and men who in eight weeks marched six hundred miles. One hundred and eighty miles of this distance they were compelled to wade the rapid streams as they pushed their heavily laden bateaux, and for at least forty miles they carried them on their shoulders, sometimes up to their arms in water and their waists in mud, forcing their way through almost impenetrable swamps, lacerated by thorns. Many of the men were barefooted, starvation staring them in the face, and realizing that each obstacle overcome placed them nearer the enemy and made retreat more impossible.

Benedict Arnold was at army head-quarters when Washington assumed command of the Continental Army, July 3d, 1775, to whom he did not hesitate to express in strong language his dissatisfaction with the course recently pursued by the Massachusetts legislature. Having friends in Montreal, where he had served as an enlisted man in the British army, he had ascertained the effective force under Carleton to be five hundred and fifty men scattered at different posts, and written Congress that Canada could be conquered with two thousand men. His plan was not approved, and a committee from Massachusetts was sent to inquire as to his "spirit, capacity and conduct," empowered, should it seem proper, to order his immediate return to Cambridge. Soon afterward Congress seriously considered the possible coercion of Canada into opposition to Great Britain, and about the middle of August determined to send a force under General Philip Schuyler to accomplish the same. Arnold proposed to Washington and several members of Congress visiting the army, a plan for an expedition through Maine to co-operate with Schuyler and capture Quebec. His plan was adopted, he was commissioned colonel in the Continental Army, and designated to organize and command the expedition. In his

letter of instructions Washington said: "You are intrusted with a command of the utmost consequence to the liberties of America. On your conduct and that of the officers and soldiers detached on this expedition, not only the success of your present enterprise and your own honor, but the safety and welfare of the whole country may depend." He instructed him to treat the Canadians as friends under all circumstances, avoid offense, respect their religion and customs, pay promptly for supplies, and punish severely all improper acts of the soldiers.

He furnished him a printed address for distribution explaining the cause of the colonies in revolt, and urging the Canadians to join in the contest for American liberty. Arnold's command was composed of ten companies of New England infantry, selected as the best in the army, and three of riflemen. It numbered 1,100. The field officers were LieutenantColonel Christopher Greene, of Rhode Island, and Roger Enos, of Connecticut, Major Return J. Meigs, of Connecticut, and Timothy Bigelow, of Massachusetts. Aaron Burr accompanied the expedition as a volunteer, wearing a knapsack and carrying a musket. One company of riflemen was from Virginia under Captain Daniel Morgan; it marched from Virginia to Cambridge in six weeks. Two were from Pennsylvania. Of the Pennsylvania companies one was from Cumberland, under Captain William Hendricks, and the other from Lancaster, under Captain Matthew Smith. The riflemen were uniformed in round hats, fringed buckskin hunting shirts, leggings and moccasins. Each carried a rifle, tomahawk, huntingknife, and small axe. They were well-known sharpshooters, hunters, and Indian fighters-the great attraction of Washington's camp.

Advancing at quickstep they could hit a mark seven inches in diameter at a distance of two hundred and fifty yards. Many were over six feet in height. It was believed they could maintain themselves on game and fish, shelter themselves, and were in every way qualified for desperate work. Many of the infantry were men of character and independence. No man of ordinary ability could lead and control such a command. Washington knew that Arnold could. The little army marched from Prospect Hill, near Cambridge, to Medford, on the evening of the 13th of September, reaching Newburyport next day. It embarked on transports* September 19th, and, two days after, was sailing up the river to Pittston, about thirty-six miles from its mouth, where carpenters had constructed two hundred bateaux-a long, flat-bottomed boat, with high, slanting sides and raised, sharp-pointed bow and stern, double-enders, considerably longer on

* Historians disagree as to the number of transports. Some say ten, and some eleven. Considering the number of men, quite a discrepancy