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of this faction. The crusaders take Constantinople a second time, dethrone Ducas, and elect Baldwin, count of Flanders, emperor of the Greeks. The empire of the Franks in the East, which had subsisted fifty-seven years, is overturned by Michael Palæologus. A fifth crusade, which is carried on by the confederate arms of Italy and Germany. The fleet of the crusaders ruined by the Saracens. The fifth crusade undertaken by Louis IX. who takes Damietta, but is afterwards reduced, with his army, to extremities; dies of the plague in a second crusade, and is canonized. The knights of the Teutonic Order, under the command of Herman de Saliza, conquer and convert to Christianity the Prussians, at the desire of Conrad, duke of Masovia. Christianity is propagated among the Arabians in Spain. The philosophy of Aristotle triumphs over all the systems that were in vogue before this century. The power of creating bishops, abbots, &c. is claimed by the Roman pontiffs, whose wealth and revenues are thereby greatly augmented. John, king of England, excommunicated by pope Innocent III. is guilty of the basest compliances, through his slavish fear of that insolent pontiff. The inquisition established in Narbonne Gaul, and committed to the direction of Dominic and his order, who treat the Waldenses, and other reputed heretics, with most inhuman cruelty. The adoration of the Host is introduced by Pope Honorius III. The Magna Charta is signed by king John and his barons on the 15th of June, at Runemede, near Windsor. A debate arises between the Dominicans and Franciscans concerning the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary. Jubilees instituted by pope Boniface VIII. The Sicilian Vespers-when the French in Sicily, to the number of 8000, were massacred in one evening, at a signal given by John of Prochyta, a Sicilian nobleman. Conrad, duke of Suabia, and Frederic of Austria, beheaded at Naples by the counsel of pope Clement IV. The Jews are driven out of France by Louis IX. and all the copies of the Talmud, that could be found, are burned. The college of electors founded in the empire. The association of the Hans-Towns. The Dominicans, Franciscans, Servites, Mendicants, and the Hermits of St. Augustin, date the origin of their orders from this century. The fables concerning the removal of the chapel of Loretto; the vision of Sim. Stockius, the Wandering Jew, and St. Antony's obliging an ass to adore the sacrament, are invented about this time. The festivals of the Nativity of the blessed Virgin, and of the Holy Sacrament or Body of Christ, instituted. The rise of the house of Austria is referred to this century. Wales is conquered by Edward, and united to England. There is an uninterrupted succession of English parliaments from the year 1293.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

Roger Bacon, one of the great restorers of learning and philosophy. Saxo Grammaticus. Ralph de Diceto. Walter of Coventry. Alexander of Paris, the founder of French poetry. Villehardouin, an historian. Accursi of Florence. Kimchi, a Spanish Jew. Conrad de Lichtenau. John Holywood, called De Sacro Bosco, author of the Sphæra Mundi. Actuarius, a Greek physician. Rod. Ximenes, archbishop of Toledo. Michael Coniat, bishop of Athens. Ivel. Rigord, an historian. Pierre de Vignes. Matthew Paris. Suffridus. Sozomen, author of the Universal Chronology, which is yet in MS. in the possession of the Regular Canons of Fesoli, near Florence. Barthol. Cotton, of Norwich; see Wharton's Anglia Sacra. Engelbert. Thomas Wicke, an English historian. Vitellio, a Polish mathematician. Albert the Great. Colonna, archbishop of Messina. Michael Scot, the translator of Aristotle. Gregory Abulfaragius. Foscari of Bologna. Alphonso, king of Castile. Cavalcanti of Florence. Dinus, a famous jurist. Marco Polo, a Venetian whose travels in China are curious. Francis Barberini, an Italian poet.

CENTURY XIV.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Emperors of the East:-A. D.-Andronicus II., 1332. Andronicus, the Younger, 1341. John Cantacu. zenus usurps the government under John Palæologus, and holds it till the year 1355. John VI. Palæol. 1390. Andronicus IV., 1392. Emanuel II. Emperors of the West:-Albert I., 1308. Henry VII. of Luxemburg, 1313. Louis V. Bav., 1347. Charles IV., 1378. Wenceslaus, 1406. Kings of Spain, i. e. of Leon and Castile:-Ferdinand IV., 1312. Alphonso XI., 1350. Pedro the Cruel, 1369. Henry II., 1379. John I., 1390. Henry III. Kings of France:-Philip the Fair, 1314. Louis X. Hutin, 1316. Philip V., 1322. Philip VI. of Valois, 1350. John, 1364. Charles V., 1380. Charles VI. Kings of England:-Edward I., 1307. Edward II., 1327. Edward III., 1377. Richard II., 1399. Henry IV. Kings of Scotland-John Baliol, 1306. Robert Bruce, 1329. David II., 1370. Robert II., 1390. Robert III. Kings of Sweden:Birger, 1326. Magnus, 1363. Albert, defeated by Margaret queen of Denmark in 1387, dies in the year 1396. Margaret. Sovereigns of Denmark:-Eric VIII., 1321. Christopher II., 1333. Waldemar III., 1375. Olaus, 1387. Margaret. Kings of Poland:-Wenceslaus, 1305. Uladislaus reascends the throne, and dies in 1333. Casimir III. the last of the Piasts, 1370. Louis, king of Hungary, 1381. Interregnum. Uladislaus Jagellon, duke of Lithuania. Kings of Portugal:-Denis, 1325. Alphonso IV., 1357. Pedro, the Justiciary, 1367. Ferdinand, 1383. Interregnum. John I. Ottoman Emperors:-The ancient history of the Turks extends from the beginning of the seventh to the commencement of the fourteenth century. The modern commences about the beginning of the fourteenth century. Othman, 1327. Or Khan, 1359. Amurath, or Morad, 1389. Bajazet or Ba-yezid.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

Boniface VIII., 1303. Benedict XI., 1304. Clement V., 1314. John XXI., 1334. A schism between Peter and John. Benedict XII., 1342. Clement VI., 1352. Innocent VI., 1362. Urban V., 1372. A schism between Urban and Clement. Gregory XI., 1378. The death of Gregory XI. occasioned that violent schism which threw the western church into the utmost confusion. The church of Rome had two popes, one residing at Rome, the other at Avignon. At Rome:-Urban VI., 1389. Boniface IX. At Avignon:-Clement VII. not acknowledged, 1394. Benedict XIII.

ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY.

Robert Winchelsey, 1313. Walter Raynold, 1327. Simon Mepham, 1333. I. Stratford, 1348. Thomas Bradwardine, 1349. Simon Islip, 1365. Simon Langham, 1374. Simon Sudbury, 1381. W. Courtenay, 1396. Thomas Arundel.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

Nicephorus Callistus. Raymond Lully. Matthæus Blastares. Greg. Acindynus. John Cantacuzenus. Nicephorus Greg. Duns Scotus. Andrew of Newcastle. Francis Mayron. Durand of St. Portian. Nicolas de Lyra. John Bacon. William Occam. Nicolas Trivet. Andrew Horne. Richard Bury. Walter Burley. Richard Hampole. Robert Holkot. Thomas Bradwardine, archbishop of Canterbury. John Wickliffe. Thomas Stubbs. John de Burgo. William Wolfort. The last thirteen all English authors. Peter Aureolus. John Bassolis. Bernard Guido. Alvarus Pelagius. Theophanes, bishop of Nice. Philotheus. Antonius Andreas. Herveus Natalis. Thomas of Strasburg. Raynerius of Pisa. John of Fribourg. Pope Clement VI. Thomas Joysius. John of Naples. Albert of Padua. Michael Cesenas. Gregory Palamas. Andronicus. Peter of Duisburg. Ludolf Saxon. Cardinal Caietan. James of Viterbo. Cardinal Balde. George of Rimini. The popes Benedict XI. and XII. Gui of Perpignan. Nicolas Cabasilas, archbishop of Thessalonica. Richard, bishop of Armagh. Demetrius Cydonius. Petranch. Peter Berchorius. John Cyparissotes. Nicolas Oresine. Philip Ribot. Nilus Rhodius. Maximus Plan. John Taulerus. Greg. Palamas. Nic. Eymericus. John Rusbroch. Manuel Caleca. Catharine of Sienna. St. Bridget. Gerard of Zutphen. Pierre Ailli. Erancis Zabarella. Marsigli of Padua, who wrote against the papal jurisdiction. Philippe de Mazieres. Jordan of Quedinburg. Barth. Albizi of Pisa, author of the famous book of the Conformities of St. Francis with Jesus Christ. Fabri, bishop of Chartres. Michael Anglianus. Raymond Jordan. Jac. de Theramo. Manuel Chrysoloras. Cardinal Francis Zabarella, with many others, too numerous to mention.

HERETICS, REAL OR REPUTED.

Waldenses. Palamites, Hesychasts, and Quietists, three different names for one sect. Spiritual Franciscans. Ceccus Asculanus, who was burned at Florence by the Inquisition for making some experiments in mechanics that appeared miraculous to the vulgar. Beghards, and Beguines. As to the Cellites or Lol. lards, they cannot be deemed heretics. The followers of John Wickliffe deserve an eminent place, with their leader, in the list of Reformers. Nicolas of Calabria. Martin Gonsalvo. Bartold de Rorbach. The Dancers.

REMARKABLE EVENTS, AND RELIGIOUS RITES.

Fruitless attempts made to renew the crusades. Christianity encouraged in Tartary and China: but loses ground towards the end of this century. The Lithuanians and Jagello, their prince, converted to the Christian faith in the year 1386. Many of the Jews are compelled to receive the Gospel. Philosophy and Grecian literature are cultivated with zeal in this century. The disputes between the Realists and Nominalists revive. Philip the Fair, king of France, opposes with spirit the tyrannic pretensions of the pope to a temporal jurisdiction over kings and princes, and demands a general council to depose Boniface VIII. whom he accuses of heresy, simony, and several enormities. The papal authority declines. The resi dence of the popes removed to Avignon. The universities of Avignon, Perugia, Orleans, Angers, Florence, Cahors, Heidelberg, Prague, Perpignan, Cologne, Pavia, Cracow, Vienna, Orange, Sienna, Erfort, Geneva, founded. The rise of the great western schism, which destroyed the unity of the Latin church, and placed at its head two rival popes. John Wickliffe opposes the monks, whose licentiousness and ignorance were scandalous, and recommends the study of the Holy Scriptures. A warm contest arises among the Franciscans about the poverty of Christ and his Apostles. Another between the Scotists and Tho mists, about the doctrines of their respective chiefs. Pope Clement V. orders the Jubilee which Boniface had appointed to be held in every hundredth year to be celebrated twice within that period. The Knights Templars are seized and imprisoned; the greatest part of them put to death, and their order suppressed. The Golden Bull, containing rules for the election of an emperor of Germany, and a precise account of the dignity and privileges of the electors, is issued by Charles IV. Clement VI. adds the country of Avig non to the papal territories. The emperor Henry VII. dies, and is supposed by some authors to have been poisoned by a consecrated wafer, which he received at the sacrament, from the hands of Bernard Politian, à Dominican monk. This account is denied by authors of good credit. The matter, however, is still undecided. Gunpowder is invented by Schwartz, a monk. The mariner's compass is invented by John Gi oia, or as others allege, by Flavio. The city of Rhodes is taken from the Saracens, in the year 1309, by the Knights Hospitalers, subsequently called the Knights of Malta. Timour extends his conquests in the East. The Bible is translated into French by the order of Charles V. The festival of the holy lance and nails that pierced Jesus Christ instituted by Clement V.-Such was this pontiff's arrogance, that once, while he was dining, he ordered Dandolo, the Venetian ambassador, to be chained under the table like a dog. The beginning of the Swiss Cantons. The emperor Louis of Bavaria, Philip the Fair, king of France, Edward III., king of England, who opposed the tyranny of the popes, may be looked upon as witnesses to the truth and preparers of the Reformation. To these we may add Duraud, Gerson, Ólivus, who called the pope Anti-christ, and Wickliffe, who rejected transubstantiation, the sacrifice of the mass, the adoration of the host, purgatory, meritorious satisfactions by penance, auricular confession, the celibacy of the clergy, papal excommunications, the worship of images, of the Virgin and relics. The order of the Garter is instituted in England by Edward III.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

Dante, the principal restorer of philosophy and letters, and also one of the most sublime poets of modern times. Petrarca. Boccaccio. Chaucer. Matthew of Westminster. Nicolas Trivet. Nicephorus Gregoras, a compiler of the Byzantine History. Theodore Metochita. Guillaume de Nangis, historian. Henry Stero, historian. Dinus Mugellanus. Evrard, historian. Hayton, an Armenian historian. Albertino Mussato. Oderic de Forli. Leopold, bishop of Bamberg. Peter of Duisburg, an historian. Albert of

Strasburg, an historian. Balaam of Calabria, master of Petrarch. Joinville. Peter de Apono, physician and astronomer. Marsigli of Padua, a famous lawyer. John Andre, an eminent jurist. Leontius Pilato, one of the restorers of learning. Gentiles de Foligno. Ismael Abulfeda, an Arabian prince. Peter of Ferrara. Arnold of Villa-Nova. William Grisant, an English mathematician. Homodi of Milan. Albergotti of Arezzo. Philip of Leyden. Baldus de Ubaldis. Froissart, a French historian.

CENTURY XV.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Emperors of the East:-A. D.-Emanuel II., 1425. John VI. Palæologus, 1448. Constantine Palæolo. gus, so far down as the year 1453, when Constantinople was taken by Mohammed II. Emperors of the West:-Rupert or Robert, 1410. Jodocus not acknowledged, Sigismund, 1437. Albert II. of Austria, 1439. Frederic III., 1493. Maximilian I. Kings of Spain, i. e. of Leon and Castile:-Henry III., 1406. John II., 1454. Henry IV., 1474. Ferdinand, in right of Isabella. Kings of France:-Charles VI. Charles VII., 1461. Louis XI., 1483. Charles VIII., 1498. Louis XII. Kings of England:-Henry VI., 1413. Henry V. 1423. Henry VI. dethroned in 1461. Edward IV., 1483. Edward V., 1483. Richard III., 1485. Henry VIII. Kings of Scotland:-Robert III., 1406. James I., 1437. James II., 1460. James III., 1488. James IV. Sovereigns of Sweden and Denmark:-Margaret, 1412. Eric IX. deposed in 1438. Christopher III., 1448. Charles Canutson, 1471. An interregnum until the year 1483. John. Kings of Poland:Uladislaus, Jag., 1434. Uladislaus, king of Hungary, 1444. An interregnum of three years. Casimir IV., 1492. John Albert. Kings of Portugal:-John I., 1433. Edward, 1438. Alphonso V., 1481. John II., 1495. Emmanuel the Great. Ottoman Emperors:-Ba-yezid, taken prisoner by Timour in 1402. Solyman, 1410. Mousa, 1413. Mohammed I., 1421. Morad II., 1451. Mohammed II. who takes Constantinople in 1453, and dies in 1481. Bayezid II. Czars, or Emperors of Russia:-There reigns, in the chronology of these princes, an uncommon degree of confusion, suitable to the barbarism of that nation. In the year 1732, they began to publish, at Petersburg, a series of their sovereigns, beginning with duke Ruric, who is supposed to have reigned in the ninth century. From that time downward, all is darkness and perplexity, until we come to the reign of John Basilowitz I. who, in the fifteenth century, shook off the yoke of the Tartars, and assumed first the title of Czar, after having conquered the kingdom of Casan. We therefore begin with this prince, and shall follow the chronology observed by the authors of the Modern Universal History, in their History of Russia. The reader may, however, consult the Tablettes Chronologiques de l'Histoire Universelle of Lenglet, who places this prince in the 16th century.* John Basilowitz.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

Boniface IX., 1404. Innocent VII., 1406. Gregory XII. deposed, 1409. Alexander V., 1410. John XXII. deposed, 1417. Martin V., 1431. Eugenius IV., 1447. A schism.-The council of Basil depose Eugenius, and elect Amadeus, first duke of Savoy, who assumes the title of Felix V. Eugenius, however, triumphs in the issue. Nicolas V., 1455. Calistus III., 1458. Pius II., 1464. Paul II., 1471. Sixtus IV., 1484. In-` nocent VIII., 1492. Alexander VI.

ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY.

Thomas Arundel, 1413. H. Chichele, 1443. John Stafford, 1452. John Kemp, 1453. Thomas Bouchier, 1486. J. Morton, 1500.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

John Huss. Jerome of Prague. Paulus Anglicus. John Gerson. Herman de Petra. Theod. de Niem. bishop of Cambray. Tho. Valdensis. Pope Alexander V. John Capreolus. Peter de Ancharano. Nicolas de Clemangis. Theod. Urias. Alphons. Tostat. John, patriarch of Antioch. Mark of Ephesus Cardinal Bessarion. G. Scholarius. G. Gemistus. John de Turrecremata. George of Trapezond. John Capistran. Laurentius Valla. John of Segovia. Franc. de la Place. Reginald, bishop of St. Asaph. Antoninus, archbishop of Florence. Nicolas de Cusa, bishop of Brixen, and cardinal. Thomas a Kempis. Anton. de Rosellis. Rickel. Ducas. Bened. de Accoltis. Guill. d'Aoupelande. James Paradise, an English Carthusian. Eneas Sylvius Picolomini, or pope. Pius II. Lorenzo Justiniani. John Gobelin. Alphonso de Spina. Greg. of Heimburg. Theod. Lelio. Henry of Gorcum. I. Ant. Campanus. Alex. de Imola. Henry Harphius. J. Perez. P. de Natalibus. B. Platina. P. Niger. John de Wesalia. Hermol. Barbarus. Michael of Milan. Stephen Brulefer. Cardinal Andr. du St. Sixte. Savanarola. Marsilius Ficinus. John Tritheme. Picus, or Pico of Mirandula. Ant. de Lebrixa. Boussard. J. Reuchlin, otherwise called Capnio. Jovianus Pontanus. Nicolas Simonis. Claude de Seyssel. Simeon of Thessalonica. Gobelin Persona. Henry of Hesse. George Phranza. Vincent Ferrieres. Julianus Cæsarinus. Nich. Tudeschus. Raymond de Sabunde, or Sebeyde. Catharine of Bologna. Gregorius Melissen. Marcus Eugenius. Sylvester Syropul. Ambrose, general of the Camaldolites. George Codinus. Onuphr. Panvinius. Gabriel Biel. John Nauclerus. John Nieder.

HERETICS, REAL OR REPUTED.

The Waldenses. The Wickliffites. The White Brethren. The men of understanding, who were headed by Ægidius Cantar, and William of Hildernissen. Picard, an Adamite. The following deserve rather the denomination of Reformers than Heretics, viz. John Huss, Jerome of Prague. Branches of the Hussites, the Calixtines. Orebites. Orphans. Taborites. Bohemian Brethren; also John Petit. John Wellus. Peter Osma. Matth. Grabon.

*He died in that century, but flourished chiefly in the fifteenth.-EDIT. VOL. II.-56

REMARKABLE EVENTS AND RELIGIOUS RITES.

The Moors and Jews are converted in Spain, by force. In the year 1492, Christopher Columbus opena a passage into America, by the discovery of the islands of Hispaniola, Cuba, and Jamaica. Constantinople taken by the Turks in the year 1453.-Letters flourish in Italy, under the protection of the house of Medici and the Neapolitan monarchs of the house of Arragon. The calamities of the Greeks under the Turkish government, conduce to the advancement of learning among the Latins. The council of Con stance is assembled by the emperor Sigismond in the year 1414. John Huss, and Jerome of Prague, are committed to the flames, by a decree of that council. The council of Basil is opened in the year 1431, and in it the reformation of the church is attempted in vain. Horrible enormities are committed by the popes of this century, and more especially by Alexander VI. The council of Constance remove the sacramental cup from the laity, and declare it lawful to violate the most solemn engagements when made to heretics. The war of the Hussites in Bohemia. Institution of the Order of the Golden Fleece The Moors and Jews driven out of Spain. The Massacre of Varna, in the year 1444. The order of Minimes instituted by Franc. de Paulo. Exploits of the Maid of Orleans. The art of printing with moveable wooden types, is invented by Coster at Haerlem; and the farther improvements of this admirable art are owing to Gens fleisch and Guttemberg, of Mentz, and Schaeffer of Strasbourg. The universities of Leipsic, Louvaine, Fribourg, Rostock, Basil, Tubingen, Wurtzburg, Turin, Ingolstadt, St. Andrew's in Scotland, Poictiers, Glasgow, Gripswald in Pomerania, Pisa, Bourdeaux, Treves, Toledo, Upsal, Mentz, Copenhagen, founded in this century. The first book printed with types of Metal; which was the Vulgate Bible, published at Mentz in 1450: a second edition of the same book appeared at Mentz in 1642, and has been mistaken for the first. The famous Pragmatic Sanction established in France. The university of Caen in Normandy is founded by the English in the year 1437. The Portuguese sail, for the first time, to the East Indies under Vasquez de Gama. Maximilian divides the empire into six circles.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

Laurentius Valla, the great restorer of Latin elocution. Leonard Aretin. Gasparini. William Lyndewood. Alexander Chartier. Fr. Frezzi. Christina of Pisa. Paul de Castro. Poggio of Florence. John Fortescue, high chancellor of England. Theod. Gaza. Bart. Facio. Dluglossus, a Polish historian. K. Sanc. de Arevallo. Chalcondylas. J. Savonarola. Marcilius Ficinus. John Picus de Mirandula. Marc. Coc. Sabellicus. Forestus. Ant. Bonfinius. Jovian. Pontanus. G. Gemistus. J. Alvarot. Guarini of Verona. J. Juv. des Ursins. Mass. Vegio. Flavio Bindo. J. Argyropulus. Dr. Thomas Linacre. The Strozzi. Bon. Monbritius. P. Callim. Esperiente. Jul. Pompon Lætus. Angelo. Politiano. Fulgosi. A. Urceus Codrus. Mich. Marullus. Oliver de la Marche. Caiado. Abrabanel. Calepin. Rebel. Martial de Paris. Phil. de Comines. Al. Achillini. Scipio Carteromaco. John Baptista Porto. Aldus Manutius. Cherefeddin Ali, a Persian historian. Arabshah, an Arabian historian. J. Whethamsted. Ulug-beg, a Tartar prince. J. Braccelli. Palmieri. Villon, otherwise Corbueil. Muller, surnamed Regiomontanus. Calentius, a Latin poet. Dom. Calderini. Barth. Fontius. Enguerr. de Monstrelet. Andronicus of Thessalonica. Er. Philelphi. Alex. Imola. J. Ant. Campani. Nich. Perotti. Th. Littleton. Ant. of Palermo. Constant. Lascaris. A. Barbatius. Gobelin Persona. Bern. Justiniani. Dieb. Schilling. Ralph Agricola. I. Andreas. Alex. ab. Alexandro. G. Merula. M. M. Boiardo. A. Mancinelli. Rob. Gaguin. Bern. Corio. Garbr. Altilius. Gul. Caoursin. J. Nai. Al. Ranuccini. P. Crinitus. Molines. Cettes. John Murmelius. Mark Musurus. Jason Mainus. Pandolfo Collenucio. R. Langius. Pietro Cosimo. Abraham Zachut.

CENTURY XVI.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Emperors:-A. D.-Maximilian I., 1519. Charles V. abdicates the empire in 1556, and dies in 1558. Ferdinand, 1564. Maximilian II., 1576. Rodolph II. Kings of Spain:-Ferdinand V. surnamed the Catholic, king of Arragon, in consequence of his marriage with Isabella, becomes king of Castile; and the kingdoms of Arragon and Castile remain united. Isabella died in 1504, and Ferdinand in 1516. Philip I. of Austria, 1506. Jane, 1516. Charles I. or V., 1558. Philip II., 1598. Philip III. N. B.-Philip II. seized Portugal, which remained in the possession of the kings of Spain until the year 1640. Kings of France:Louis XII., 1515. Francis I., 1547. Henry II., 1559. Francis II., 1560. Charles IX., 1574. Henry III., 1589. Henry IV. Kings of England:-Henry VII., 1509. Henry VIII., 1547. Edward VI., 1553. Mary, 1558. Elizabeth. Kings of Scotland:-James IV., 1513. James V., 1542. Mary, beheaded in 1587. James VI. Kings of Sweden and Denmark:-John, 1513. Christiern II. deposed in 1522. Gustavus Ericson, 1560. N. B. Sweden is separated from Denmark under this prince. Eric deposed in 1568. John III., 1592. Sigismond, king of Poland, deposed in 1599. Charles IX. Kings of Denmark:-Christiern II. deposed in 1522. Frederic I., 1533. Christiern III., 1559. Frederic II., 1588. Christiern IV. Kings of Poland:-John Albert, 1501. Alexander, 1506. Sigismund I., 1548. Sigismund II., 1572. Henry of An. Jou, until the year 1574. Stephen Bathori, 1587. Sigismond king of Sweden. Kings of Portugal:Emanuel the Great, 1521. John III., 1557. Sebastian, 1578. Henry, Card. 1580. Portugal is reduced under the dominion of Spain by Philip II. Ottoman Emperors:-Ba-yezid II., 1512. Selim I., 1520. Solyman II., 1566. Selim II., 1574. Morad III., 1595. Mohammed III. Czars of Muscovy:-John Basilowitz, 1505. Basil Ivanowitz, who received from Maximilian I. the title of Emperor, 1533. John Basilowitz II., 1584. Theodore Ivanowitz, 1597. Boris Godenow. Stadtholders of the United Provinces:-William I. the glorious founder of their liberty, 1584. Maurice.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME

Alexander VI., 1503. Pius III., 1503. Julius II., 1513. Leo X., 1521. Adrian VI., 1523. Clement VII., 1534. Paul III., 1549. Julius III., 1555. Marcellus II., 1555. Paul IV., 1559. Pius IV., 1566. Pius V., 1572. Gregory XIII., 1585. Sixtus V., 1590. Urban VII., 1590. Gregory XIV., 1591. Innocent IX., 1592. Clement VIII.

ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY.

Henry Dean, 1504. W. Warham, 1532. Thomas Cranmer, 1555. Reginald Pole, 1558. Matthew Parker, 1575. Edmund Grindal, 1583. John Whitegift.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

John Sleidan. William Budæus. Desidérius Erasmus. Martin Luther. Ph. Melancthon. John Brentius. Martin Bucer. Ulric Zuingle. Peter Galatin. Fr. Ximenes. Thomas More. John Whitegift, archbishop of Canterbury. John Fisher. John Ecolampadius. And. Carolostadius, or Carlstadt._John Tiligius. James Faber. Matthew Flacius. John Calvin. Martin Chemnitz. James Andreas. David Chytræus. William Farel. Theodore Beza. Faustus Socinus. Bened. Arias Montanus. And. Osiander. Egid. Hunnius. Melchior Canus. Polyc. Lyserus. George Wicellus. Cardinal Bellarmine. Stella. Crantzius. Thomas Illiricus. Jacob Ben-Chaim, who gave an edition of the Hebrew Bible. Sanderus. Isid. Clarius. John Major. Andrew Vega. Franc. Vatable. Cardinal Sadolet. Cardinal Cortesius. John Cochlæus. Alphons. Zamora. Vivaldi. J. Almain. Spagnoli. Aug. Dathus. Pope Adrian VI. Petro de Monte. Pope Leo X. Alb. Pighius. Henry VIII. king of England. Louis Vives. S. Pagninus. Leo de Castro. Matth. Ugonius. Cardinal Caietan. James Hoogstraat. Ambr. Catharini. John Faber. Ortuin Gratius. John Eckins. Leander Alberti. Nic. Serrarius. Pet. Canisius. Cæsar Baronius. Fran. Ribera. Pierre Pithou. Mich. Baius. W. Alan, English cardinal. Dr. John Colet. Mercator. Nic. Harpfield. Leunclavius. Molina. Salmeron. Maldonat. J. Natalis. J. P. Maffei. Cardinal Hosius. Jansenius. John Tillet. James Naclantus. De Vargas. Cardinal Seripand. And. Masius. Pope Paul IV. Widmanstadt. Cassander. Stapleton. Mercerus. F. Xavier. Ign. Loyola. Bishop Gardiner. Jer. Oleaster, with many others too numerous to mention. N. B. It is remarkable that, among the ecclesiantical writers of this century, there are above 55 who employed their labours in the exposition and illustra tion of the Scriptures; and this happy circumstance contributed, without doubt, to prepare the minds of many for the Reformation, and thus rendered its progress more rapid.

HERETICS, REAL OR REPUTED.

Schwenckfeld. Andr. Osiander. Stancarus. The Adiaphorists. Interimists. Agricola of Eisleben, the chief of the Antinomians. George Major. N. Amsdorf. The Synergists. M. Flacius. The CryptoCalvinists. Anabaptists. Mennonites. Theoph. Paracelsus. Postellus. David Georgius. Franc. Pucius. Defid. Erasmus. Agrippa. Cassander and Wicelius. Conr. Vorstius. Sam. Huberus. Mich. Servetus. Valent. Gentilis. Lælius Socinus. Faustus Socinus. Quintin, the chief of the Libertines.

REMARKABLE EVENTS AND RELIGIOUS RITES.

The Reformation is introduced into Germany by Luther, in the year 1517; into France by Calvin about 1529; into Switzerland by Zuingle, in 1519. Henry VIII. of England, throws off the papal yoke, and be comes supreme head of the church. Edward VI. encourages the Reformation in England. The reign of queen Mary restores Popery, and exhibits a scene of barbarous persecution that shocks nature. The name of Protestants given to the Reformed at the Diet of Spire, in 1529. The league of Smalcald is formed in 1530. The Reformation introduced into Scotland by John Knox, about the year 1560; and into Ireland by George Brown, about the same time; into the United Provinces, about the year 1566. Gustavus Ericson introduces the Reformation into Sweden, by the ministry of Olaus Petri, in 1530. It was received in Denmark, in 1521. The Gospel is propagated by the papal missionaries in India, Japan, and China. The Jesuit order is founded, in 1540, by Ignatius Loyola. The famous council of Trent is assembled. The Prag. matic Sanction is abrogated by Leo X. and the Concordat substituted for it. Pope Julius III. bestows a cardinal's hat upon the keeper of his monkeys. The Inquisition is established at Rome by Paul IV. The war of the Peasants. The universities of Wittenberg, Francfort on the Oder, Alcala, Saragossa, Marpurg, Seville, Compostella, Oviedo, Grenada, Franeker, Strasbourg, Parma, Macerata, Tortosa, Coimbra, Konigsberg, Leyden, Florence, Rheims, Dillengen, Mexico, St. Domingo, Tarragona, Helmstadt, Altorf, Pa derborn, Sigen, founded in this century. The treaty of Passau, in 1552. The Paris massacre of the protestants on St. Bartholomew's day. The republic of the United Provinces formed by the union of Utrecht. The edict of Nantes granted to the Protestants by Henry IV. of France.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

British Authors:-Sir Thomas More. Thomas Linacre. S. Purchas. Thomas Elliot. Hect. Boethius. J. Leland, the antiquary. Ed. Wotton. J. Christophorson. Cuth. Tonstal. R. Ascham. J. Kaye. Thomas Smith. George Buchanan. Alex. Arbuthnot. Sir Phil. Sidney. John Fox. Fr. Walsing. ham. Ed. Grant. Ed. Anderson. John Dee. Thomas Craig. G. Creighton. Ed. Brerewood. French Authors:-William Budæus, or Bude. Clement Marot. Fr. Rabelais. Ja. Dubois (Sylvius.) Pierre Gilles. Or. Finee. Robert Etienne, or Stephens. P. Belon. William Morel. Adr. Turnebus. Ch. Du Moulin. Gilb. Cousin. Mich. de l'Hopital. L. Le Roy (Regius.) Hub. Languet, author of the Vindicia contra Tyrannos. Laur. Joubert. James Pelletier. Fr. Belleforest. M. A. Fr. Muret. P. Ronsard. J. Dorat. James Cujas. Fr. Hotoman. James Amyot. Mich. de Montagne. Mich. de Castelnau. P. Pithou. J. Bodin. Nic. Vignier. Bl. de Vigenere. Henri Etienne, commonly called Stephens. J. De Serres (Serranus.) Cl. Fauchet. J. Passerat. J. J. Boissard. P. Daniel d'Orleans. Francis Victe. Cardinal d'Ossat. Rob. Constantin. P. Morin. Jos. Just. Scaliger. Nic. Rapin. J. Papire. Masson. P. B. Brantome. St. Pasquier. Italian Authors:-Americo Vespucci. J. Jocondi of Verona, who disco. vered the Letters of Pliny. A. F. Grazzini. Leonicini, the translator of Galen. Pomponace. M. A. Casanova. P. Gravina. Sannazarius. Machiavel. Vida. J. A. Lascaris. Alcyonius, translator of Aristotle. Ariosto. Bern. Maffei. Fr. Guicciardini. Cardinal Bembo. Cardinal Šadolet. And. Alciat. M. A. Flaminio d'Imola. Lilius Giraldus. J. Fracastor. Polydore Virgil. M. A. Majoragio. P. Areti. no. J. de la Casa. L. Alamanni. N. Tartaglia. Palingenius. Julius Cæsar Scalierg. Zanchius. Gab. Faerno. Gab. Fallopius. J. Acronius. Lodovico Cornaro. Robertello. Palearius. Onuph. Panvini.

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