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REMARKABLE EVENTS AND RELIGIOUS RITES.

The conversion of the Swedes, Danes, Saxons, Huns, Bohemians, Moravians, Sclavonians, Russians, Indians, and Bulgarians: by the last a controversy is occasioned between the Greek and Latin churches. The rise of transubstantiation and the sacrifice of the mass. The cause of Christianity suffers in the east under the Saracens, and in Europe under the Normans, The power of the pope increases; that of the bishops diminishes; and the emperors are divested of their ecclesiastical authority. The Decretals are forged, by which the popes extended the limits of their jurisdiction and authority. The fictitious relics of St. Mark, St. James, and St. Bartholomew, are imposed upon the credulity of the people. Monks and abbots now first employed in civil affairs, and called to the courts of princes. The festival of All-Saints is added, in this century, to the Latin calendar by Gregory IV. though some authors of note place this institution in the seventh century, and attribute it to Boniface IV. The superstitious festival of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, instituted by the council of Mentz, and confirmed by pope Nicolas I. and afterwards by Leo X. The trial by cold water introduced by pope Eugenius II. though Le Brun, in his Histoire des Pratiques Superstitieses, endeavours to prove this ridiculous invention more ancient. The emperor Louis II. is obliged by the arrogant pontiff Nicolas I. to perform the functions of a groom, and hold the bridle of this pope's horse, while his pretended holiness was dismounting. The first Legends or Lives of the Saints appear in this century. The Apostles' Creed is sung in the churches.-Organs, bells, and vocal music, are introduced in many places.-Festivals multiplied. The order of St. Andrew, or the Knights of the Thistle in Scotland. Michael 1. emperor of the East, abdicates the throne, and retires into a monastery, with his wife and six children. Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, excommunicates the pope. The canonization of saints introduced by Pope Leo II. The university of Oxford founded by Alfred. The sciences are cultivated among the Saracens, and, particularly encouraged by the khalif Al-Mamoun. Theophilus, from his abhorrence of images, banishes the painters out of the Eastern Empire. Harold, king of Denmark, is dethroned by his subjects, on account of his attachment to Christianity. The university of Paris founded.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

Photius. Smaragdud. Eginhard. Rabanus Maurus. Abbon. Herempert. Leon. Sergius. Methodius. Walafridus Strabo. John Scot Erigena. Alfred the Great, king of England. His Saxon version of Orosius was never published. Abon-Nabas, an Arabian poet. The khalif Al-Mamoun, an eminent mathematician and astronomer. N. B. Haroun, the father of this prince, sent to Charlemagne a striking clock, with springs and wheels, which was the first ever seen in France, and shows that, at this period, the arts were more cultivated in Asia than in Europe. Albategni, the mathematician. Albumasar, or AbouMashar, the Arabian astronomer.

CENTURY X.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Emperors of the East:-A. D.-Leo, the philosopher, 911. Alexander, 912. Constantine VII. surnamed Porphyrogenitus, 959. Romanus Lecapenus took advantage of the youth of this prince, and seized the imperial throne, but was deposed by his son Stephen, and died in 948. Romanus, first or second son to Constantine VII., 963. Nicephorus Phoc., 970. John Zimisces, 975. Basil III. Constantine VIII. Emperors of the West:-Louis IV., 912. Conrad I., 919. Henry I. surnamed the Fowler, 936. Otho I., 973. Otho II., 983. Otho III. Kings of Spain, i. e. Leon and Asturias:-Alphonso III. surnamed the Great, abdicates the crown in the year 910. Garcias, 913. Ordogno II., 923. Froila II., 924. Alphonso IV., 931. Ramiro II., 950. Ordogno III., 955. Ordogno IV., 956. Sanchez, the Fat, 967. Ramiro III., 982. Bermudo, called, by some, Veremond II., 999. Alphonso V. Kings of France:-Charles the Simple, 929. Ralph usurps the throne. Louis d'Outremer, 954. Lothaire II., 986. Louis the Idler, the last king of the line of Charlemagne, 987. Third Race:-Hugh Capet, 996. Robert. Kings of England:-A. D.-Edward, 925. Athelstan, 941. Edmund, 946. Edred, 955. Edwy, 959. Edgar, 975. Edward the Martyr, 979. Ethelred II. Kings of Scotland:-Donald VI., 903. Constantine III., 943. Malcolm I., 958. Indulf, 967. Duff, 972. Cullen, 976. Kenneth III., 994. Constantine IV., 995. Grime. Kings of Sweden:-Ingeld II. 907. Eric VI., 926. Eric VII., 940. Eric VIII., 980. Olaus II. the Tributary. The beginnings of the Danish monarchy are so fabulous that we shall begin with Harold, who died in 980. Sweyn. Poland:-Micislaus, the first Christian duke, dies 999.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

John IX., 905. A schism between John IX. and Sergius. Benedict IV., 906. Leo V., 906. A schism between Leo V. and Christopher. Christopher, 907. A schism between Christopher and Sergius. Sergius III., 910. Anastasius III., 912. Lando, 913. John X., 928. Leo VI., 929. Stephen VIII., 931. John XI., 936. Leo VII., 939. Stephen IX., 943. Marinus II., 946. Agapetus II., 955. John XII., 964. A schism between John XII. and Leo. Leo VIII., 964. Benedict V., 965. John XIII., 972. Domnus II., 972. Benedict VI., 975. Boniface VII., 984. Benedict VII., 984. John XIV., 985. John XV., 985. John XVI., 996. Gregory V., 999. A schism between John and Gregory V. Sylvester II.

ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY.

Plegmund, 917. Athelm, 924. Wolfhelm, 934. Odo, 959. Dunstan, 988. Ethelgar, 989. Siricius, 994. Aluric, or Alfric.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

Simeon Metaphrastes. Leontius of Byzantium. Odo of Clugni. Ratherius, bishop of Verona and Liege. Hippolytus, the Theban. Odo, archbishop of Canterbury. Eutychius, patriarch of Alexandria. Said, patriarch of Alexandria. Flodoard. Joseph Genesius Atto, bishop of Verceil. Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury. Luitprand, abbot of Fleury. Notger, bishop of Liege. Suidas. Roswida, a poetess. Edgar, king of England. Alfridus. Heriger. Olympiodorus. Ecumenius. Odilo. Burchard. Valerius of Astorga in Spain. His Lives of the Fathers, very different from those that are published, are still in MS. in the library of Toledo. John Malela. Constantine Porphyrogenitus. John of Capua. Nicholas, patriarch of Constantinople. Gregory of Cæsarea. Epiphanes. Severus. Alfric, archbishop of Canterbury. Pope Gerbert. Oswald. Sisinius. Hubald. Luitprand.

HERETICS, REAL OR REPUTED.

No new heresies were invented during this century. That of the Anthropomorphites was revived, and the greatest part of the others were continued. Thus we find Nestorians, Eutychians, Paulicians, Armenians, Anthropomorphites, and Manichæans, making a noise in this century.

REMARKABLE EVENTS AND RELIGIOUS RITES.

Irruption of the Huns into Germany, and of the Normans into France. The Danes invade England. The Moors enter Spain. The Hungarians, and several northern nations, are converted to Christianity. The pirate Rollo is made duke of Normandy, and embraces the Christian faith. The Polanders are converted to Christianity under Micislaus, in the year 965. The Christian religion is established in Moscovy, Denmark, and Norway. The plan of the holy war is formed in this century, by pope Sylvester II. The baptism of bells; the festival in remembrance of departed souls; the institution of the Rosary; and a multitude of superstitious rites, shocking to common sense, and an insult upon true religion, are introduced in this century. Fire-ordeal introduced. The Turks and Saracens united. The Danish war continues to con.. vulse England. Feudal tenures begin to take place in France. The influence and power of the monks increase greatly in England. The kingdom of Italy is united by Otho to the German empire. Pope Boniface VII. is deposed and banished for his crimes. Arithmetical figures are brought from Arabia into Europe by the Saracens. The empire of Germany is rendered elective by Otho III.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

This century, by way of eminence, is styled the age of barbarism and ignorance. The greatest part of the ecclesiastical and theological authors mentioned above, were mean, ignorant, and trivial writers, and wrote upon mean and trivial subjects. At the head of the learned men of this age we must place Gerbert, otherwise known by the papal denomination of Sylvester II. This learned pontiff endeavoured to revive the drooping sciences; and the effects of his zeal were visible in this, but still more in the following century. Suidas. Geber, an Arabian chemist, celebrated by the learned Boerhaave. Constantine Porphyrogen. Mohammed Ebn Jaber Al-Batani, an Arabian astronomer. Razi, a celebrated Arabian chemist and physician. Leontius, one of the Byzantine historians. Joseph Genesius.

CENTURY XI.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Emperors of the East:-A. D.-Basil III., 1025. Constantine VIII., 1028. Romanus II. Argyr., 1034. Michael IV. Paphl., 1041. Michael V. Calaphates, 1051. Constantine IX. Monomach, 1054. Theodora, 1056. Michael VI. Strat., 1057. Isaac I. Comn. 1059. Constantine X. Ducas, 1067. Romanus III. Diogenes, 1071. Nicephorus II. Botoniates, 1081. Alexis I. Comnen. Emperors of the West:-Otho III., 1002. Henry II., 1024. Conrad II., 1039. Henry III., 1056. Henry IV. Kings of Spain, i. e. of Leon and the Asturias:-Alphonso V., 1027. Vermond III., 1037. Kings of Leon and Castile united:-Ferdinand I. surnamed the Great, 1065. Sancho II., 1073. Alphonso VI. Kings of France:-Robert, 1031. Henry I., 1060. Philip I. Kings of England:-Ethelred II., 1016. Edmond Ironside, 1017. Canute the Great, king of Denmark, 1035. Harold Harefoot, 1039. Hardicanute, 1041. Edward the Confessor, 1066. Harold, 1066. Norman line:-William the Conqueror, 1087. William Rufus, 1100. Kings of Scotland:-Grime, 1003. Malcolm II., 1033. Donald VII. by some called Duncan, 1040. Macbeth, 1057. Malcolm III., 1093. Donald VIII. dethroned, 1094. Duncan II., 1096. Donald again, 1097. Kings of Sweden:-Olaus II., 1019. Asmund, 1035. Asmundslem, 1041. Hakon, 1059. Stenchil, 1061. Ingo III., 1064. Alstan, 1080. Philip. Kings of Denmark:-Sweyn, 1014. Canute the Great, king of England, 1035. Hardicanute, 1041. Magnus, 1048. Sweyn II., 1074. Harold, 1076. St. Canute, 1085. Olaus, 1093. Eric II. Kings of Poland:Boleslaus, first king, 1025. Micislaus, 1034. Interregnum. Casimir, 1058. Boleslaus II., 1081. Uladislaus. Kings of Jerusalem:-Godfrey, chosen king in 1099, dies in 1100. Baldwin I.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.
Sylvester II., 1003. John XVII., 1003. John XVIII., 1009.
schism between Gregory and Benedict. John XIX., 1033.
Johns and Benedict. Gregory VI., 1046. Clement II., 1048.

Sergius IV., 1012. Benedict VIII., 1024. A Benedict IX., 1044. A schism between the two Damasus II., 1049. Leo IX., 1054. Victor

II., 1057. Stephen X., 1059. Benedict X., 1059. Nicolas II., 1061. A schism between Nicolas and Benedict. Alexander II., 1073. A schism between Alexander and Cadalous. Gregory VII., 1086. A schism between Gregory and Guy, bishop of Ravenna. Victor III., 1088. Urban II., 1099,

ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY.

Aluric or Alfric, 1006. Elphegus, massacred by the Danes in 1012. Livingus, 1020. Agelnoth, 1038. Eadsius, 1050. Robert Gemeticensis, 1052. Stigand, deposed in 1070. Lanfranc, 1089. Anselm.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

Dithmar, bishop of Mersburg. Leo the Grammarian. Aimon. Fulpert, bishop of Chartres. Adelbold, bishop of Utrecht. Alexis, patriarch of Constantinople. Berno, of Augsburg. Ademar. The Brunos. Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury. Theophanes Cerameus. Nilus Doxopatrius. Michael Psellus. Michael Cerularius. Simeon the Younger. Theophylact, a Bulgarian. Cardinal Humbert. Petrus Dami, anus. Marianus Scotus. Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury. Ivo, bishop of Chartres. Hildebert, archbishop of Tours. Pope Gregory VII. Gerhard. Hugh of Breteuil. Berthold. Hermannus Contract. Peter, patriarch of Antioch. Glaber Radulphus. Deoduinus, bishop of Liege. Adelman. Nicetas Pectoratus. Leo of Bulgaria. Guitmund. Manasses, archbishop of Rheims. John, patriarch of Antioch. Sigefrid. Samon of Gaza. Samuel of Morocco, a converted Jew. John Xiphilin. Lambert. Adam of Bremen. John Curopalata. Benno of Ravenna. Nicholas of Methrone. Philip the Solitary. Othlon of Fulda. Tangmar. Guido Aretino. Eugesippus. A famous, but anonymous work, called Micrologus, appeared in this century. Dominic of Grado. Alberic. Osborn, a monk of Canterbury.

HERETICS, REAL OR REPUTED.

Berenger, famous for his opposition to the monstrous doctrine of transubstantiation theite. A sect of French Manichæans, condemned in the council of Orleans.

Roscelin, a Tri

REMARKABLE EVENTS AND RELIGIOUS RITES.

The Crusades are carried on with all the enormities that usually attend a blind, extravagant, and inhuman zeal. Godfrey of Bouillon takes possession of Jerusalem in the year 1099. A contest between the emperors and popes, in which the latter discover a most arrogant and despotic spirit. The dignity of cardinal is first instituted in this century. The Moors are driven by degrees from several parts of Spain; hence arose the division of that country into so many little kingdoms. Matilda, daughter of Boniface, duke of Tuscany, leaves all her possessions to the church of Rome, in consequence of her passionate attachment to Hildebrand, otherwise known by the papal name of Gregory VII. with whom she lived in a licentious commerce. Sicily, Castile, Poland, and Hungary, are erected into kingdoms. The kingdom of Burgundy and Arles is transferred to the emperor Conrad II. by Rondolph king of Burgundy. Several of the popes are looked upon as magicians, as in these times of darkness, learning, and more especially philosophy and mathematics, were considered as magic. Investitures introduced in this century. Papal ty. ranny is nobly opposed by the emperors Henry I. II. and III, by William I. king of England, and other monarchs of that nation, by Philip, king of France, and by the British and German churches. Baptism is performed by triple immersion. The Sabbath Fasts introduced by Gregory VII. The Cistercian, Carthusian, and Whipping Orders, with many others, are founded in this century. The emperor Henry IV. goes barefooted to the insolent pontiff Gregory VII. at Canusium, and does homage to this spiritual tyrant in the most ignominious manner. The same emperor, however, besieges Rome soon after, and makes a noble stand against the pontiff. Domesday-book is compiled from a survey of all the estates in England. Jeru. salem is taken by the Crusaders.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

Leo, the Grammarian. Adelbord. Michael Psellus. Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury. Guido Aretino, inventor of musical notes. Wippo. John Scylitzes. Avicenna, or Ebn Sina, an Arabian philosopher. Stephen, the first Christian king of Hungary. Alphes, a Jew. Josippon, or the false Josephus. Ferdou si, a Persian Poet. Roscellin. John the philosopher. John Curopalata, one of the Byzantine historians.

CENTURY XII.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Emperors of the East:-A. D.-Alexis I. Comnen., 1118. John II. Comnen., 1143. Emanuel Comnen. 1180. Alexis II. Comnen., 1183. Andronicus Comnen., 1185. Isaac II. Ang., 1195. Alexis III. Emperors of the West:-Henry IV., 1106. Henry V., 1125. Lothaire II., 1138. Conrad III., 1152. Frederic I. surnamed Barbarossa, 1190. Henry VI., 1198. Philip. Kings of Spain, i. e. of Leon and Castile:-Alphonso VI., 1109. Alphonso VII., 1134. Alphonso VIII. 1157. Sancho III., 1158. Ferdinand II., 1175. Alphonso IX. Kings of France:-Philip I., 1108. Louis VI., surnamed the Gross, 1137. Louis VII. surnamed the Young, 1180. Philip Aug. Kings of England:-Henry I., 1135. Stephen, 1154. Henry II., 1189. Richard I., 1199. John. Kings of Scotland:-Edgar, 1106. Alexander, 1124. David, 1153. Mal

colm IV., 1165. William. Kings of Sweden:-Philip, 1110. Ingo IV., 1129. Ragwald, 1140. Magnus, deposed in 1148. Suercher, 1160. Eric, the Holy, 1161. Charles VII., 1168. Canute, 1192. Suercher II. Kings of Denmark:-Eric II., 1101. Nicolas, 1135. Eric III., 1138. Erie IV., 1147. Canute V., 1155. Sweyn III., 1157. Waldemar, 1182. Canute VI. Kings of Poland:-Uladislaus, 1102. Boleslaus III., 1139. Uladislaus II., 1146. Boleslaus IV., 1173. Micislaus, 1178. Casimir II., 1195. Lescus or Lecho V. Kings of Jerusalem:-Baldwin I., 1118. Baldwin II., 1131. Foulques or Fulk, 1141. Baldwin III., 1162. Almeric, 1173. Baldwin IV., 1185. Baldwin V., 1186. Guy of Lusignan. Jerusalem was retaken by the Infidels in 1187. Almeric from 1196 to 1205. Kings of Portugal:-Alphonso I. proclaimed king in 1139,

dies in 1185. Sancho I.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

Pascal II., 1118. Anti-Popes. Clement, Albert, Theodore, and Maginulph. Gelasius II., 1119. Calistus II., 1124. Honorius II., 1130. Innocent II., 1143. Celestine II., 1144. Lucius II., 1145. Eugenius III., 1153. Anastasius IV., 1154. Adrian IV., 1159. Alexander III., 1181. Lucius III., 1185. Ur III., 1187. Gregory VIII., 1188. Clement III., 1191. Celestine III., 1199.

ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY.

Anselm, 1109. Ralph, 1122. William de Corboil, 1136. Theobald, 1161. Thomas Becket, 1170. Richard, 1183. Baldwin, 1191. Reginald Fitz-Jocelin, 1191. Hubert Fitz-Walter.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

Gilbert, abbot of Westminster. Guibert. Sigebert of Gemblours. Peter Alphonso. Odo of Orleans. Godfrey of Vendome. Rupert of Duitz. Baldric, Arnulph, bishop of Lisieux. Bernard of Clairval. Abelard. Athelred. Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury. Euthymius Zigab. William of Malmesbury. John of Salisbury. Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury. Gervase, a monk of Canterbury. Nice. phorus of Brienne. Anselm, bishop of Havelberg. Jo. Zonaras. Mich. Glycas. Hugo Victorinus. Eadmerus. George Cedrenus. Peter, the Venerable. Honorius of Autun. Foucher. Alger. Gratian. Peter Lombard. Henry of Huntingdon. William, bishop of Rheims. Constantine Harmen. Orderic Vital. Constantine Manass. Zacharias Chrysop. Peter of Blois. Peter Comestor. Peter de Cellus. Peter of Poictiers. John Cinnamus. John Beleth. Helmold. Gislebert, bishop of London. Stephen Harding. George Xiphilin. Alexan. Arist. Godfrey of Viterbo. Theod. Balsamon. Richard of St. Victor. William of Auxerre. Bruno of Asti. Simeon of Durham.

HERETICS, REAL OR REPUTED.

The Bogomiles and Catharists were a kind of Manichæans. The Pasaginians were a kind of Ariana, who also discovered a strange attachment to the ceremonial law of Moses. Eon, a madman, rather than a heretic. The same thing may be said of Tranquillinus. As to Arnold of Brescia, the Petrobrussians, Henricians, Waldenses, and Apostolics, if allowance be made for some few points, they rather deserve the title of Reformers and Witnesses to the Truth, than that of Heretics. Peter Abelard and Gilbert de la Porree differed from the notions commonly received with respect to the Holy Trinity. The Albigenses, a branch of the Waldenses, are branded with the denomination of Manichæans.

REMARKABLE EVENTS AND RELIGIOUS RITES.

The Sclavonians and the inhabitants of the island of Rugen receive the light of the Gospel, and their example is followed by the Livonians and Finlanders. The state of affairs in Asiatic Tartary changes in favour of the Christians, by the elevation of Prester-John. The Crusade is renewed. The kingdom of Jerusalem is overturned, and the affairs of the Christians in Palestine decline. A third Crusade undertaken. The three famous military orders instituted, viz. The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem-The Knights Templars-The Teutonic Knights of St. Mary. The original MS. of the famous Pandect of Justinian is discovered in the ruins of Amalphi, or Melfi, when that city was taken by Lothaire II. in 1137, and this emperor makes a present of it to the city of Pisa, whose fleet had contributed, in a particular manner, to the success of the siege. The contest between the emperors and popes is renewed under Frederic Barbarossa and Adrian IV.-The insolence of the popes excessive. Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, assassinated before the altar, while he was at vespers in his cathedral. The scandalous traffic of indulgences begun by the bishops, and soon after monopolized by the popes. The Scholastic Theology, whose jargon did such mischief in the church, had its rise in this century. The seeds of the Reformation were sown, in this century, by the Waldenses, and other eminent men in England and France. Pope Paschal II. orders the Lord's supper to be administered only in one kind, and retrenches the cup. The Canon-law formed into a body, by Gratian. Academical degrees introduced in this century. Learning revives and is encouraged in the university of Cambridge. The pope declares war against Roger king of Sicily, who takes from his holiness Capua and Beneventum. The council of Clarendon held against Becket. The kings of England and France go to the Holy Land. Henry II. of England, being called by one of the Irish kings to assist him, takes possession of Ireland.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

Anselm of Leon. Vacarius. Leoninus, the supposed introducer of Latin rhymes. Roger Hoveden. John of Salisbury. William of Malmesbury. John Zonaras. George Cedrenus. John Cinnamus. Silvester Girald, bishop of St. David's. Godfrey of Viterbo. William of Newburgh, an English historian. Pelagius, bishop of Oviedo. John of Milan, author of the poem called Schola Salermitana. Robert Pullein, an English cardinal. Abraham Eben-Ezra. John and Isaac Tzetzes. Henry of Huntingdon. Nicetas,

Werner. Moses Maimonides. Anvari, a Persian astronomer. Portius Azo. Nestor, a Russian historian. Falcandus. Benjamin of Tudela, a Spanish Jew, whose Travels were translated by Baratier. Averroes, or Ebn-Zohr. Eustathius, bishop of Thessalonica. Solomon Jarchi. Al-Hasen, an Arabian, who composed a large work on Optics. George Al-Makin, author of the History of the Saracens translated by Erpenias. Geoffrey of Monmouth.

CENTURY XIII.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Emperors of the East:-A. D.-Alexis III. dethroned in 1203. Alexis IV. dethroned in 1204. Alexis Ducas, surnamed Murzurphle, 1204. Latin Emperors of the East residing at Constantinople:-Balduin I., 1205. Henry, 1216. Peter, 1221. Robert, 1229. Balduin II., 1259. Greek Emperors residing at Nice:-Theodore Lascaris, 1222. John Ducas III., 1255. Theodore Lascaris, 1259. John Lascaris IV., 1259. Michael Palæologus retakes Constantinople in the year 1261, and thus unites, in his person, the Latin and Greek empires; he dies in 1283. Andronicus II. Emperors of the West:-Philip, 1208. Otho IV., 1218. Frederic II., 1250. Civil wars and an interregnum, during which Conrad of Suabia, William count of Holland, Richard king of England, Alphonso of Spain, Ottocar of Bohemia, appear on the scene of action. Rodolphus of Hapsburg is elected emperor in 1273, and dies in 1291. Adolphus of Nassau, deposed in 1298. Albert I. Kings of Spain, i. e. of Leon and Castile:-Alphonso IX., 1214. Henry I., 1217. Ferdinand III., 1252. Alphonso X., 1284. Sancho IV., 1295. Ferdinand IV. Kings of France: Philip Aug., 1223. Louis VIII., 1226. Louis IX. sainted, 1270. Philip III. the Hardy, 1285. Philip IV. the Fair. Kings of England:-John, 1216. Henry III., 1272. Edward I. Kings of Scotland:-William, 1214. Alexander II., 1249. Alexander III., 1285. Interregnum. John Baliol. Kings of Sweden:-Suercher II., 1211. Eric X., 1218. John I., 1222. Eric XI., 1250. Waldemar, 1276. Magnus, 1290. Birger. Kings of Denmark:Canute VI., 1202. Waldemar II., 1241. Eric VI., 1250. Abel, 1252. Christopher, 1259. Eric VII., 1286. Eric VIII. Kings of Poland:-Lescus V., 1203. Uladislaus III., 1226. Boleslaus V., 1279. Lescus VI., 1289. Boleslaus, Henry, and Uladislaus, take the title of Governors. Premislaus, 1296. Uladislaus IV. deposed in 1300. Wenceslaus, king of Bohemia. Kings of Portugal:-Sancho I., 1212. Alphonso II., 1223. Sancho II., 1246. Alphonso III., 1279. Denis.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

Innocent III., 1216. Honorius III., 1226. Gregory IX., 1241. Celestine IV., 1243. Innocent IV., 1254. Alexander IV., 1261. Urban IV., 1264. Clement IV., 1268. Gregory X., 1276. Innocent V., 1276. Adrian V., 1276. John XX., 1277. Nicolas III., 1280. Martin IV., 1285. Honorius IV., 1288. Nicolas IV., 1292. Celestine V., 1294.

ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY.

Hub. Fitz-Walter, 1204. Stephen Langton, 1228. Richard Le Grand, 1231. St. Edmund, 1242. Boni. face, 1270. Robert Kilwardby, 1278. John Peckham, 1291. Robert Winchesley.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

Joachim. John, bishop of Macedonia. Demetrius Chomatenus. Mark, patriarch of Alexandria. Mala. chy, archbishop of Armagh. Nicetas Choniata. François d'Assise. Alan de l'Isle. Jacobus de Vitriaco. Peter, the monk. Antony of Padua. Germanus. Cæsarius. William of Paris. Raymond of Pennafort. Alexander Hales. Edmund Rich, archbishop of Canterbury. Thomas of Spalatro. John Peckham, archbishop of Canterbury. Roger Bacon. Albert, the Great. Rob. Grossetete. Vincent de Beauvais. Robert of the Sorbonne. George Acropolita. Hugo de St. Caro. George Metochita. Guillaume de St. Amour. Nicephorus Blem. Thomas Aquinas. Bonaventura. Gilbert of Tournay. John of Paris, an opposer of transubstantiation and papal tyranny. John Beccus. Nicetus Acominatus. Theodore Lascaris. Arsenius. George Pachymer. George the Cyprian. Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury. Robert Capito. Thomas Cantiprat. Richard Middleton. William Durand. Ægidius de Columna. Guil. Peraldus. Martin Polon. Raymond Martin. Jacob de Voragine. Guillaume de Seignelai, bishop of Auxerre. William of Auvergne, bishop of Paris. Henry of Ghent. Pope Boniface VIII.

HERETICS, REAL OR REPUTED.

The Waldenses. Nestorians. Jacobites. The Brethren and Sisters of the Free Spirit, otherwise called Beghards and Beguttes, Beghins and Turlupins. Amalric. Joachim. Wihelmina. The sect of the Apos tles. John of Parma, author of the everlasting gospel. Flagellants. Circumcelliones.

REMARKABLE EVENTS AND RELIGIOUS RITES.

The Moslem religion triumphs over Christianity in China and the northern parts of Asia, by flattering the passions of voluptuous princes. A papal embassy is sent to the Tartars by Innocent IV. A fourth crusade is undertaken by the French and Venetians, who make themselves masters of Constantinople, with a design to restore the throne to Isaac Angélus, who had been dethroned by his brother Ducas. The emperor Isaac is put to death in a sedition, and his son Alexis strangled by Alexis Ducas, the ringleader

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