DISCOVERY was made fome time ago, by meer ac cident, which deferves univerfal attention; because it promises to be univerfally useful, particularly in America. A parifian of a mechanical turn, whofe window happened to be immediately over the Seine, generally raifed what water he wanted from that river, in two fmall buckets faftened to a rope, the ends of which were spliced together, and paff ed over two equal grooved wheels, one at the window and the other in the water and he gave motion to this machinery by turning a winch faftened to the upper wheel. At one time, when the buckets were reperated from the rope, the Frenchman, not attendind to that circumftance, and wanting fome water, out the machine in motion, and found that the rope alone would raife a (mall quantity of the fluid; and

on giving it more velocity, he was furbrought up was confiderably increased. prized to obferve, that the quantity From this time he fupplied himself with

motion of the rope, without any buckas much water as he wanted, by the ets,after he had formed a proper ciftern round the upper wheel, to receive the

water.

A gentleman in this town has made one of these machines, on a small scale, with a horse hair rope half an inch in diameter, and two feven inch wheels; with which he can raise fix gallons and an half of water, to the height of nine feet in two minutes. I have frequently obferved the working of this machine, and cannot help thinking, that these experiments may help to improve Docfor Franklin's theory of Water-fpouts. A confiderable body of water rifes on every fide of the afcending rope, particularly on the outfide, and becomes vifible the whole way from the lower to the upper wheel, where it is thrown off by the centrifugal force, which attends every circular motion. The shape of the rifing column is nearly cylindrical, from the top to, within a few inches of the bottom, where it has a conical form, the wideft-part being on the surface of the water. If the motion be moderate, a trickling

down

down of the water is obfervable, over the furface of the rifing column, for about two feet from the top, where this fuperficially descending water is Joft, and perhaps carried up again by the afcend ng rope: but, if the motion be made quick, the rope is then most loaded with water, aad the whole furface of the column appears white," and covered over with foam. It is

very remarkable, that grafping the rope in the band will not prevent the afcent of all the water; unfels it be grafped hard enough, to flop the moti on of the machine. After the wheel had been turned long enough, and with that velocity which was neceffary to load the rope with water,on letting go the winch, there did not appear to be the leaft motion of the wheel backwards, as might reasonably have been expected, from the water being wholly on one side. The water alfo firft difappeared from the upper part of the rope, then from the part immediately below the top, and fo on gradually to the bottom; and it was a - Jirtle more than one fecond of time, before it difappeared from the whole nine feet. It appears from the two Jaft obfervations, that the weight of the column was fupported,fome fhort time after the motion of the machine was over. At my defire the rope was changed for a ftrong iron jack chain, which brot up the water nearly as well as before ; as far as could be judged from obfervation alone, for the quantify was not measured On replacing the fame rope, and employing an additional wheel to increafe the velocity, the quantity of water raifed was confiderably increafed. The winch was now faftened to the additional wheel, which was fo large, that one revolution of it turned the other wheel five times and an half; and the Tope with this velocity brought up twenty nine gallons and one fifth part, in two minutes.

water. The box and tower' wheel, by thus hanging loosely in the water, will be always accommodated to the different length of the rope, which must vary, as it may happen to be wet or dry; and will at the famt time keep the whole fufficiently fteady. A common winch turns the upper wheel; and one man with thr fimple machinery, has frequently railed a hogshead of water fifty feet high within five minutes.

The cafe is fo new,that it might puz zle even a fyftematick philofopher how to class it. Can it be faid with propriety, to belong to hydraulicks, when no pipe or tube is employed, nor any thing like it, unless it be the spact occupied by the rope and afcendiag water. Befides, the whole matter appears to be contrary to the be established principles; for in the prefent cafe, gravity is countera&ted, and the water afcends: but according to the great law of hydraulicks. water cannot be conveyed in pipes higher than the place from whence t comes, and the whole effè& is produced by gravitation acting on water. Again, thirty five feet is the greated altitude, to which the utmoft preffure of the air can raise water, in a single pump; but the rope machine has actually raised water fifty feet, and how much higher, it may be capa ble of railing it, remains fill to be determined.

According to the belt idea I can form on this fubject, at prefent, the effects produced may be ascribed to 'four different caufes. 1. The water adheres to the rope by attraction, ia the fame manner as it will to any other body, that is capable of being wetted. 2. A kind of projectile motion upwards feems to be given to the adhering water; which, by its tendency to perfevere in the fame direction, may help to form the cylindrical body of water round the afcending rope. 3. Every ring of this cylindrical body of water appears to be fupported By the ring immediately below it, and that by the next, and so on to the lowefl ring: fo that what re

be fupported muft reft on the furface of the water in the well, or river. 4. The lateral preffure of the furround.

ing

ng air may alfo affift in the operatiou. But, whether we can or cannot bring this cafe within the scale of our philofophical knowledge, is a matter of very little confequence, provided the contrivance be only useful, which I think it must be, both on account of its cheapnels and practicability; for almoft any perfon, if he has but a hair rope, may foon form a machine capable of raising as much water as Any ordinary family can want.

Th' invention all admir'd, and each bow he

To be th' inventor mifs'd, so easy it feem'd

Once found, which yet unfound, moft would have thought

Impoffible.

T

An Extract from a Treatise on Cyder, by Hugh Stafford, Efq; of Pynes, Devonshire, in England.

Of proper Veffels for receiving the Cyder for its fermentation; the vigitance, exact care, and attention required in the firft fermentation of Cyder for making it (weet, and as long as it continues in a fermen ting state.

I

N order to avoid a great deal of trouble, and to perform the work more effectually, by divefting the new made Cyder of what pummice and other impurities remain, after Atraining it through a hair fieve, on it's coming from the Wring, or Prefs, it is neceffary to be provided with a large open vat, keeve, or clivé, which will contain a whole pounding, or making of Cyder; or as much as can be preffed in one day after the Cyder has remained in this vat a day, or fometimes lefs (according to the ripeness of the fruit, of which it has been made, and the flate of the weather) you will find rife to the top, rhe pummice, or groffer parts of the pulp, &c. of the apples; and in a day or two more, at moll, grow very thick ; and when little white bubbles or fermentations, of the bigness of the top

of your finger, break through it, then' prefently draw it off through a cock or faucet-hole, within three inches of the bottom, if large; but if fmall, not nearer than four inches of the bottom, that the lees may not be drawn off, but quietly remain behind. If the Cyder is not immediately drawnoff, on the first appearance of thefe white fermentations, all the head, which is then become a thick cruft, will fink to the bottom; fo that, if this crifis (which happens but once) of the firft feperation of the Cyder from its lees is neglected, the opportunity of making Tweet Cyder will be loft and irrecoverable.

On drawing off the Cyder from the vat, it must be tunned into clofe calks well (cented, wherein, on letting it remain a thorter or longer time, with what fees and impurities

it carried with it, depend the harden

ing or foftening it at pleasure.

To have Cyder perfealy [weet, after it is tunned into clofe cafks, you

are again carefully to watch and obferve its ftate, and when you find white bubbles or fermentations, as aforefaid, at the bung hoie, as before in the vat, immediately rack it off again into another clean and well fcented calk; after which, by making frequent trials of its finenels (and it commonly happens to be fine in two, three, four, or five days, or fooner, according to the weather) by drawing fome of it into a glass from a fpilehole, you will discover if proper to repeat the racking, which fhould again be immediately done, if found to be fine, which repetition of racking fhould be continued till the Cyder is as fweet as you defire, and ceafes hiffing.

It is to be noted, that the weaker Cyders cannot fupport themfelves under many rackings, one or two being all they can bear, for they have not body enough to undergo the operation. But as to the bolder and fronger cyders, when you intend to render them very foft and mellow, and perfectly fweet which thefe frequent rackings will effect, you may repeat them till they are brought to your palate, and quieted to fuch a degree as to be entirely mute, which is an infallible indication of their be