Lightning: Physics and EffectsCambridge University Press, 8 בינו׳ 2007 Lightning: Physics and Effects is the first book that covers essentially all aspects of lightning, including lightning physics, lightning protection and the interaction of lightning with a variety of objects and systems as well as with the environment. It is written in a style that will be accessible to the technical non-expert and is addressed to anyone interested in lightning and its effects. This will include physicists, engineers working in the power, communications, computer and aviation industries, meteorologists, atmospheric chemists, foresters, ecologists, physicians working in the area of electrical trauma and architects. This comprehensive reference volume contains over 300 illustrations, 70 tables containing quantitative information and a bibliography of more than 6000 references. |
תוכן
| 1 | |
| 4 | |
| 6 | |
| 12 | |
| 24 | |
23 Thunderstorm days | 35 |
24 Thunderstorm hours | 36 |
25 Lightning flash density | 37 |
115 Acoustic imaging of lightning channels | 387 |
116 Summary | 389 |
Modeling of lightning processes | 394 |
123 Dart leader | 415 |
124 Stepped leader | 417 |
125 Mcomponent | 419 |
126 Other processes | 420 |
| 421 | |
26 Longterm variations in lightning incidence | 43 |
27 Ratio of cloud flashes to cloudtoground flashes | 44 |
28 Characteristics of lightning as a function of season location and storm type | 46 |
29 Lightning incidence to various objects | 49 |
210 Summary | 52 |
Electrical structure of lightningproducing clouds | 67 |
32 Cumulonimbus | 68 |
33 Noncumulonimbus | 91 |
34 Summary | 93 |
Downward negative lightning discharges to ground | 108 |
43 Initial breakdown | 116 |
44 Stepped leader | 122 |
45 Attachment process | 137 |
46 Return stroke | 143 |
47 Subsequent leader | 164 |
48 Continuing current | 173 |
49 Mcomponent | 176 |
410 J and Kprocesses | 182 |
411 Regular pulse bursts | 188 |
412 Summary | 190 |
References and bibliography | 191 |
Positive and bipolar lightning discharges to ground | 214 |
52 Conditions conducive to the occurrence of positive lightning | 217 |
53 Characterization of positive lightning | 218 |
54 Bipolar lightning discharges to ground | 232 |
55 Summary | 233 |
References and bibliography | 234 |
Upward lightning initiated by groundbased objects | 241 |
62 General characterization | 244 |
63 Overall electrical characteristics | 247 |
64 Impulsive currents | 250 |
65 Lightning current reflections within tall objects | 252 |
66 Electromagnetic fields due to lightning strikes to tall objects | 259 |
67 Acoustic output | 260 |
Artificial initiation triggering of lightning by groundbased activity | 265 |
72 Rockettriggered lightning | 266 |
73 Other lightning triggering techniques | 296 |
74 Concluding remarks | 299 |
Winter lightning in Japan | 308 |
83 Evolution of winter thunderclouds | 309 |
84 Characteristics of natural winter lightning | 311 |
85 Rockettriggered lightning in winter | 314 |
86 Summary | 316 |
Cloud discharges | 321 |
92 General information | 322 |
93 Phenomenology inferred from VHFUHF imaging | 326 |
94 Early active stage | 329 |
95 Late final stage | 338 |
96 Comparison with ground discharges | 340 |
97 Summary | 341 |
Lightning and airborne vehicles | 346 |
102 Statistics on lightning strikes to aircraft | 348 |
103 Major airborne research programs | 350 |
104 Mechanisms of lightningaircraft interaction | 353 |
105 Lightning test standards | 362 |
106 Accidents | 364 |
107 Summary | 369 |
Thunder | 374 |
113 Generation mechanisms | 377 |
114 Propagation | 386 |
The distant lightning electromagnetic environment atmospherics Schumann resonances and whistlers | 432 |
132 Theoretical background | 435 |
133 Atmospherics sferics | 443 |
134 Schumann resonances | 449 |
135 Whistlers | 454 |
136 Radio noise | 459 |
137 Summary | 461 |
Lightning effects in the middle and upper atmosphere | 480 |
142 Upward lightning channels from cloud tops | 481 |
143 Lowluminosity transient discharges in the mesosphere | 482 |
lowluminosity transient phenomena in the lower ionosphere | 492 |
145 Runaway electrons Xrays and gammarays | 493 |
146 Interaction of lightning and thundercloud electric fields with the ionosphere and the magnetosphere | 495 |
147 Summary | 497 |
Lightning effects on the chemistry of the atmosphere | 507 |
152 Mechanism of NO production by returnstroke channels | 511 |
153 Laboratory determination of NO yield per unit energy | 514 |
155 Estimation of global NO production using the flash extrapolation approach FEA | 516 |
157 Estimation of NO production from extrapolation of nuclear explosion data | 518 |
159 Production of trace gases in the primitive Earth atmosphere and in the atmospheres of other planets | 519 |
1510 Summary | 520 |
| 521 | |
Extraterrestrial lightning | 528 |
162 Detection techniques | 530 |
163 Venus | 531 |
164 Jupiter | 536 |
165 Saturn | 543 |
166 Uranus | 544 |
167 Neptune | 545 |
168 Concluding remarks | 546 |
References and bibliography | 547 |
Lightning locating systems | 555 |
172 Electric and magnetic field amplitude techniques | 556 |
173 Magnetic field direction finding | 558 |
174 Timeofarrival technique | 562 |
175 The US National Lightning Detection Network | 565 |
176 Interferometry | 568 |
177 Groundbased optical direction finding | 570 |
179 Radar | 572 |
1710 Summary | 573 |
Deleterious effects of lightning and protective techniques | 588 |
183 Protection | 589 |
184 Lightning interaction with specific objects and systems | 610 |
185 Lightning test standards | 624 |
| 626 | |
Lightning hazards to humans and animals | 642 |
192 Electrical aspects | 644 |
193 Medical aspects | 646 |
194 Personal safety | 648 |
| 649 | |
Ball lightning bead lightning and other unusual discharges | 656 |
202 Witness reports of ball lightning | 658 |
203 Ball lightning statistics | 662 |
205 Laboratory simulation of ball lightning | 663 |
206 Bead lightning | 665 |
207 Other types of unusual lightning and lightninglike discharges | 666 |
| 669 | |
| 675 | |
| 679 | |
מהדורות אחרות - הצג הכל
Lightning: Physics and Effects <span dir=ltr>Vladimir A. Rakov</span>,<span dir=ltr>Martin A. Uman</span> תצוגה מקדימה מוגבלת - 2003 |
Lightning: Physics and Effects <span dir=ltr>Vladimir A. Rakov</span>,<span dir=ltr>Martin A. Uman</span> אין תצוגה מקדימה זמינה - 2006 |
Lightning: Physics and Effects <span dir=ltr>Vladimir A Rakov</span>,<span dir=ltr>Martin A Uman</span> אין תצוגה מקדימה זמינה - 2014 |
מונחים וביטויים נפוצים
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