Posture, Locomotion, and Paleoecology of Pterosaurs

actinofibrils aerodynamic airspeed albatross anaerobic power ANFLTSIM angle Anhanguera archosaurs aspect ratio attached axis bats Bennett bipedal birds body mass Bramwell and Whitfield Brower camber caudal cranial crest Cretaceous cruising speed dactylopatagium digit digitigrade distal dorsal Dorygnathus Dsungaripterus Equation estimated Eudimorphodon femur fibers flapping flexed flight performance flight speed folded forelimbs fourth finger gliding performance headwind hindlimbs horizontal hovering flight humerus increases induced drag Jurassic knuckle joint landing large pterodactyloids level flight lift coefficient manus maximum metacarpal muscle Nyctosaurus Padian and Rayner patagium pectoralis Pennycuick plagiopatagium plantigrade position posture Pteranodon Pteranodon and Quetzalcoatlus ptero pterodactyloids Pterodactylus pteroid bone pterosaur wing pterosaurs quadrupedal Quetzalcoatlus range rhamphorhynchoids Rhamphorhynchus saurs Scleromochlus seabirds sinking speed slope small pterosaurs soaring span spar species of pterosaurs specimens streamtube supracoracoideus surface takeoff Tapejara terrestrial locomotion thermals theropods trailing edge upstroke uropatagium ventral vertical weight Wellnhofer wind wing area wing loading wing membrane wingspan wingtips