Islamic Reform: The Political and Legal Theories of Muḥammad ʻAbduh and Rashīd Riḍā

Abbasid Abū action ad-Din Aḥkām ahl al-hall Aḥmad al-hall wa l-'aqd Al-Islām al-manāt analogy applied Arab aşabiyya authority basis bay'a Cairo Califat caliph capacity cited classical Community concept consideration constitutional delegation divine doctrine effect Egyptian civil code electors example fact function Ghazālī God's ḥadīth hikma human Ibid Ibn al-Qayyim Ibn Khaldun Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyya Ibn Taimiyya ideal ijma ijtihad illa Imamate institution interests interpretation Islam istiṣlāḥ judgment jurisprudence jurists Khallaf Khilafa Laoust legislation logical Manār maṣāliḥ maşlaḥa maşlaḥa mursala matter means Mecelle modern modernists moral Mu'tazilites Muḥammad Abduh mujtahids Muslim musulman natural law necessity niyya nomocracy obligation Ostrorog political positive practical principle Prophet Qarāfi qiyās question Qur'an Qur'an and Sunna Qur'ānic Quraish Rashid Riḍā reason recognized religion religious Ridā Rida's Risala ruler rules sense Shafi'ite Shari'a shūrā significance social sources sovereignty spiritual Sunna Taufi temporal textual theological theory tion traditional Umayyads Urwa valid walāya